-
600 BCE
Tartesos Kingdom
It was the first state of Iberian Peninsula. And it was situated in the southwest of the peninsula. -
227 BCE
Cartagineses
Their appearence in the Iberian Peninsula was due to the lost in the First Punic War, because they wanted to make up for these losses. -
Period: 218 BCE to 197 BCE
Second Punic War and the occupation of the Iberian area by the Romans
The trigger for this war was the breach of the Ebro Treaty by the Carthaginians, then Rome attacked Hannibal's rear and took Cártago Nova. -
Period: 143 BCE to 133 BCE
Numantine War
It occurs during the Roman conquest of the center and west of the peninsula. The Romans encountered strong opposition from the Numantine people. -
27 BCE
The administrative reform of Augustus
This reform divide the Peninsula in two types of provinces based on the degree of romanization:
- Senatorial provinces: Fully pacified. They didn´t need the legion presence. (Betica)
- Imperials provinces: Recent conquist. They need the legion presence. (Tarraconense) -
380
The definitve implantation of the christianism.
It occurs after the The Edict of Thessalonica of Emperor Theodosius I -
476
The fall of the western roman empire
Since the military anarchy, many barbarian peoples penetrated the Peninsula. In the 409 the suevos, vandalos and alanos invaded. But was when Odoarco deposed the last roman emperor when the fall of the western roman empire occured. -
589
Religious Unification
The Visigoths were Arians, Hispano-Romans were Catholics, however, Recaredo converted to Catholicism at the III Council of Toledo. -
654
Juridical Unification
Between the visigoths and Hispano-Romans there were differences on the laws. But with the juridical unification by Recesvinto the fusion of the populations was achieved. -
704
Summit of the descomposition of the Visigode Kingdom
After the dead of the king Witiza, three factions arise in the fight for the throne:
- The first want that the crown falls on Akhila.
- The second want the crown for D. Rodrigo.
- The third consider D. Rodrigo like an usurper. -
711
Muslim invasion of the peninsula
Since the 710, the muslims were established on the north of Africa. Musa knows the problems that the Visigode kingdom had, so he sent with Tariq an army of 7000 soldiers who settled on the peninsula, facing Don Rodrigo in the victory of the battle of Guadalete. -
722
Battle of Covadonga
Was the first victory of the christians against muslims, this is the beginning of the reconquest. -
801
Catalan counties
In the 785 the habitants of Gerona deliver the city to Carlomango, starting a series of campaigns that culminated in 801 with the conquest of Barcelona, in these lands a series of counties were formed that will be called the Hispanic Brand. -
929
Abderraman III caliph of Al-Ándalus
Abderraman III proclaims himself caliph and establishes the capital of the caliphate in Cordoba. The caliphate ended with the Emirate Independent established by Abderraman I. -
Jun 22, 1038
Union between Leon and Castilla
After the dead of Sancho III, the lands owned by Sancha and on the other hand Fernando, upon joining in marriage, came together and the union between Leon and Castile took place. -
1050
The creation of Toledo school of translators
During the thirteenth century three religions coexist: Muslim Jewish and Christian. Thanks to the creation of this school by Alfonso X the wise, many ancient texts could be translated into Latin and Spanish. This meant that all the knowledge of earlier times was not lost. -
1086
Appearance of The Almoravids
They come to the peninsula to help the Muslims to stop the reconquest of the Christians, they manage to defeat the casrellanos in the battle of Sagrajas -
1212
Battle of Navas de Tolosa
The Castilian King Alfonso VIII, defeated the muslims in this battle. This fact meant the opening to the Castilians of the Guadalquivir valley -
1273
The Honored Council of the Mesta
It was created by Alfonso X, the wise, This is an institution which was in charge of regulating all aspects related to the transhumant merino sheep farming. The trade in their wool was very important -
1479
Dinastic Union
After the Alcaçovas-Toledo treaty, the war between Spain and Portugal finished and it was produced the dinastic union between Isabel I of Castilla and Fernando de Aragón. Their territories continued having own institutions. -
1490
MARRIAGE POLICY WITH PORTUGAL
The Catholic Kings used a marriage policy because they wanted to have the hegemony of the peninsula. So they marriaged their daugther Isabel with Alfonso of Portugal, and after a pair of years they did the same with María, the sister of Isabel. -
Jan 2, 1492
The conquest of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada.
Granada was the last Muslim territory of the peninsula. The fundamental cause of its fall was the noble disputes. The war lasted 10 years, until Boabdil handed over the key to the city to the Catholic Monarchs. -
Apr 17, 1492
CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA FE
It was a treaty between Cristobal Colon and The Catholic Kings, which allowed Colon to be admiral, viceroy and governor of the territories that he´ll found, but he had to subdue the inhabitants of those territories and teach them the Spanish language and culture. -
Oct 12, 1492
Discovery of America
The first trip was made through Cristobal Colon leaving from the port of Palos and making a stop in the Canary Islands, then they resumed their trip on September 8 until one October 12 Rodrigo de Triana sighted land. -
1494
TORDESILLAS TREATY
After the second Bula Inter Caetera Portugal was not conformable and demanded to displace 270 leagues the imaginary line that divided the world to conquist in 2. So with the Tordesillas Treaty the pope ractified and the second Alexandrian bull was created that allowed Portugal to seize the territory of Brazil. -
1496
UNION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS TO CASTILLA
Castilla and Portugal had always been at odds over the dominance of these islands, but after the treaty of Alcaçovas Portugal renounced the Islands. In 1478, the Catholic Monarchs ordered the conquest of Gran Canaria and after the conquest of Tenerife, in 1496 the Union of Castile of the Islands took place. -
1500
CAST OF NAPLES
Spain and France were in war due to the control of Italy, but they signed the Secret Treaty of Granada, which established the cast of Naples, however limit problems arise and provoke other war that will finished with the victory of Spain. -
1502
Muslim ejection
It was produced when the Cardinal Cisneros with the decret of 1502 forced the muslims to the conversion or ejection. It was due to the religious politic of the Catholic Kings. -
1512
Surrender of Pamplona
After this event the union of the kingdom of Navarre to the Hispanic crown takes place. It occurred because Fernando II learned that the kings of Pamplona had a deal with France that would prevent the passage of Spanish troops through Navarre, so he decided to invade and finally conquer it. -
1512
Burgos Laws
They came to mean a meticulous regulation of: regime of work, wages, housing, care of the Indians ... However, the abuse
He continued towards the entrusted Indians, which unleashed a campaign in their defense. -
1513
LAWS OF BURGOS
In America, the indigenous were very mistreated and a series of complaints caused a reform in the laws known as the Burgos laws, which maintained the encomienda, but came to mean a regulation of: work regime, wages, housing, care of the Indians ... -
1519
Mexico conquer
Hernan Cortes went from Cuba to the mexican coast where he founded Veracruz. From there he met with the inca emperor Moctezuma. By 1521 Cortes took over the capital Tenochtitlán. -
1521
Las Comunidades
Las Comunidades were local governments that were organized in a form of self-goverment and kicked out of town the crown government authorities. Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado, the heads of the Comunidades got decapitated, finishing the conflict. -
1542
New Laws
In 1542, King Charles I promulgated the New Laws, which protected the natives against abuses by settlers:
- The encomienda should be extinguished upon the death of the owner.
- The Indians could not be reduced to slavery.
- Personal services were disappearing and replaced by taxes (paid services) -
1547
Lutheran Reformation
With the Reformation, the urge of Independence increased in the German empire. This started the conflict Charles V who won. -
Expulsion of the moriscos
During the reign of Felipe III the moriscos isolated themselves in communities, they kept their traditions and they grew quickly. They were moved to Africa and it was a big demografic consequence that nobility didn't like. -
Reapers revolution
With the presence of the Catalan troops and Italian troops in Catalonia due to the Roussillon campaign, the Corpus day the reapers started the revolution, raiding the viceroy's palace and assassinating him. -
The end of the 30 years war
The end of the Thirty Years' War took place after the defeat of the Spanish Tercios that led to the Peace of Westphalia where Spain recognized the independence of the Netherlands. -
The peace of the pyrenees
The sign of this peace would put an end to the conflict with France, where Spain loses its hegemony, in addition to Roussillon and Cerdanya. -
Ryswick treated
this treaty would put an end to the conflict between Spain and France. Spain through the Duke of Oropesa negotiated with other countries such as Sweden, Austria or England to prevent French expansion -
Period: to
Spanish succesion War
The war of Spanish succession was an international conflict that lasted from 1701 until the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, whose fundamental cause was the death without descendants of Carlos II of Spain, the last representative of the House of Habsburg, and which left as a main consequence the establishment of the House of Bourbon on the throne of Spain. -
Utretch treaty
The Treaty of Utrecht, also known as the Peace of Utrecht or the Treaty of Utrecht-Rastatt, is actually a set of treaties signed by the antagonistic states in the War of the Spanish Succession between 1713 and 1715 in the Dutch city of Utrecht. and in the German Rastatt. The treaties put an end to the war, although after their signing hostilities continued in Spanish territory until July 1715, when the Marquis of Asfeld took the island of Mallorca. Europe changed its political map. -
FAMILY AGREEMENTS
Signed by Philip V of Spain and Louis XV of France on November 7, 1733 at the Royal Site of El Escorial. José Patiño Rosales and the Count of Rottembourg agreed on behalf of their respective kings.
Philip V, who is the grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascended to the Spanish throne in 1700, being the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain after the extinction of the Habsburg or Austrian branch with the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700. -
Second Family Agreement
The second family pact, signed on October 25, 1743 in Fontainebleau, was agreed upon by the monarchs themselves, Philip V of Spain and Louis XV of France. After the death of Philip V in 1746, the new King Ferdinand VI of Spain carried out a policy of active neutrality between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of France. He strengthened the fleet to avoid being drawn into the war and liquidated the second family pact, which freed him from supporting France in its wars. -
Period: to
SEVEN YEARS WAR
It was a series of international conflicts between early 1756 and late 1763 to establish control over colonial supremacy in North America and India. On the one hand, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Electorate of Hannover and the Kingdom of Great Britain took part, together with its American colonies and, some time later, its ally the Kingdom of Portugal; and on the other hand the Electorate of Saxony, the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of France, the Spanish Empire, the latter from 1761. -
Fontainebleau Treaty
Signed by Godoy and Napoleon, this treaty allowed the french army to go through Spain in order to attack Portugal a British allie. In return Spain would get part of the land conquered. -
Bayona abdications
CharlesIV and Fernando VII were called by Napoleon. Fernando would abdicate the crown on his dad Charles who gave the crown to Napoleon. This ended up with Jose, Napoleon’s brother being named the king of Spain, showing the real weaknesses the Spanish monarchy had. -
Period: to
Independence war
The revolutions started in the south where the french troops didn’t really arrive, civilians organized resistances and guerrillas which really damaged the French Army. The Battle of Bailen made a huge impact, the Spanish win made it imposible to conquered Andalusia. -
1812 Constitution
It was a manifest of the urge to change the country by the legislation of many different reformations.The Nation was defined as the set of all citizens of both hemispheres (Art.1). Proclaim the national sovereignty (Art.3) to the detriment of the king, who is deprived of the legislative function, now attributed to the Cortes, that they would have a single chamber, elected by universal male suffrage. The citizens recognized Ferdinand VII
as constitutional and not absolute king -
Valençay Treaty
Napoleon was close to defeat so he negotiated his way out the conflict. With this treaty, FernandoVII was allowed to come back to Spain this was the end of the Spanish Indepence War. -
pragmatic sanction
It was approved by Ferdinand VII of Spain on March 29, 1830, which came to promulgate the Pragmatic of 1789 approved by the Cortes of that year at the request of King Carlos IV and that, for reasons of foreign policy, never entered into force. The Pragmatics of 1789 annulled the Order agreed on May 10, 1713 by Felipe V which, except in very extreme cases, made it impossible for women to access the Throne, for which it is commonly called the "Salic Law" -
Manifest of Abrantes
It is a selection of fragments of the "Abrantes Manifesto" made public on October ,1833 by Carlos Mª Isidro from Abrantes-Portugal. It is a historical document, public, of a political nature, primary source and addressed in the first place to María Cristina and in general to all Spaniards these fragments of the "Abrantes Manifesto", the main idea is the justification for the defense of the dynastic interests of Carlos María Isidro on the throne of Spain. -
Period: to
Regency of Mª Cristina
It constitutes the first period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, during which her mother María Cristina assumed the functions corresponding to the Crown and had to do against the first Carlist war unleashed by supporters of Carlos María Isidro, who didn´t recognize the Pragmatic Sanction of 1789. After the Moderate Triennium 1837-40 and the triumph of the "Christian" side in the Carlist War, the progressives led the "revolution of 1840", which forced María Cristina to go into exile. -
Disentailment of Mendizabal
It was brought about by the Carlist War, the need to reduce public debt and the anticlerical climate. Mendizabal re-established the decrees of the triennium, suppressed the religious orders by expropriating their assets and later putting them up for sale in the public auction.
As a consequence, the church turns against the state and liberalism. For this reason, when the moderates govern, they will try to solve the problem by stopping sales and signing the Concordat with the Holy See in 1851. -
Constitution of 1837
The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was promulgated in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. It was an initiative of the Progressive Party to approve a consensus constitution with the Moderate Party that would allow the alternation of the two liberal parties without changing the Constitution every time the government changed. It was in force until 1845, when the Moderate Party imposed its own Constitution. -
Period: to
Regency of Espartero
It was the last period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, so called because, after the triumph of the "revolution of 1840" that put an end to the regency of María Cristina de Borbón, General Espartero assumed the regency in her place. It ended in 1843, when a military and civic movement headed by a part of the Progressive Party and the Moderate Party, which included related generals Ramón María Narváez, Francisco Serrano and Leopoldo O'Donnell, forced Espartero into exile. -
Disentailment of Madoz
The progressive minister Madoz will be the one to start the disentailment process again. In this process, the assets of the Church will be put up for sale, although with compensation, as well as the assets of common municipalities and those belonging to the State.
The main objectives were to solve problems of public finances, the construction of the railway and loyalize the landowners and agrarian bourgeoisie to liberalism. -
The Glorious Revolution
This revolution will put an end to the reign of Elizabeth II and establish a democratic regime in Spain. It is produced by a military uprising led by Topete, Prim, Serrano and Dulce on September 19, 1868 in Cádiz. In the Revolutionary Juntas that are constituted in the main cities, the elements of the democratic party have great importance.
This revolution ends with the Battle of Alcolea in 1868. -
Yara’s shout
It was a popular sublevation led by Manuel Cespedes, it started the urge for independence in Cuba. People were fighting for the erradication of slavery and political authonomy. -
Constitution of 1869
It was the first democratic constitution in Spain, its features were: the form of government was the absolute monarchy and was subject to national sovereignty, national sovereignty is proclaimed and universal male suffrage is confirmed, breadth of freedoms and rights and a bicameral system with Congress and Senate. However, it failed due to the lack of support and the weakness of the democratic political forces. -
Arrival of Amadeo i of Savoy to power
Since the reign of Isabel II, Spain had not had a king again, and during the Regency of Serrano, a Cortes was proclaimed to vote for a new king. After the elections, the candidate proposed by Prim, Amadeo I of Savoy, was elected. Three days before his arrival in Spain, his main supporter, Prim, would be assassinated. -
General Pavia's coup
He interrupted the republican government of Emilio Castelar. In January 1874, General Pavia met with Civil Guard forces and dissolved the Constituent Cortes, putting an end to the First Republic. -
Military pronouncement in Sagunto
While Antonio Canovas del Castillo organized the return of the Bourbons to the throne, after the abdication of Isabel II in favor of her son Alfonso, General Martínez Campos provoked a military uprising in Sagunto that proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain. -
Spanish Constitution of 1876
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 was promulgated on June 30, 1876 by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and was the basis of the Bourbon Restoration. This constitution was based on a constitutional draft developed by a group of 600 notables, former senators and deputies from previous legislatures, appointed by Cánovas del Castillo. The final text was approved without major changes by a Constituent Assembly elected by direct male suffrage. -
Period: to
Presidence of Cánovas
This stage is known as the Canovas dictatorship, its objective was twofold: to guarantee the consolidation of the recently restored monarchy and to build a strongly centralized political system. -
Period: to
First Liberal Government of Sagasta
The basic line of the liberal government was a law of 1882, broad suffrage for the breach of its promise, universal suffrage is achieved, it would lead to the crisis and the return to power of the conservative party, freedom of the press, favoring freedom of expression and the educational reform planned by Sagasta. -
Period: to
Regency of Maria Cristina of Habsburg
The Regency of María Cristina de Habsburgo is the period of the reign of Alfonso XIII of Spain in which, due to the minority of King Alfonso XIII, the head of State was held by his mother María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena. The regency began in November 1885 when King Alfonso XII died, months before Alfonso XIII was born, and ended in May 1902 when Alfonso XIII turned sixteen and swore the 1876 Constitution, thus beginning his personal reign. -
Pact of EL PARDO
The Pact of El Pardo was an informal agreement, on the eve of the death of the former King Alfonso XII, between Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta, respective leaders of the Conservative Liberal Party and the Liberal-Fusionist Party, with the purpose of providing stability to the regime, which they considered threatened by the then probable death of the monarch. In this pact, a future change, or alternation, of government was specified smoothly between both formations. -
Nationalist Insurrection
In 1895 the nationalist insurrection took place that gave rise to the last Cuban war, which was divided into two major stages: between 1895 and 1898 the war between the Spanish army and the native independence groups, the Spanish-Cuban war, took place; In 1898 the direct intervention of the United States in the conflict took place, which led to the Spanish-American confrontation. -
Hispano-American War
The Americans took advantage of the blowing up of the battleship Maine3
to give an ultimatum and demand the Spanish renunciation of Cuban sovereignty, a step prior to declaring the war to Spain. American public opinion clamored for war due to a harsh campaign anti-Spanish journalism of the newspapers. The Spanish government, relying on a campaign of patriotism warmonger launched by the press, he launched into a war for which Spain was not prepared. -
Artistic 98’s Generation
As for the artistic generation of '98, they are going to take our culture to new heights. All of his components were concerned about the “problem of Spain”. They criticized the Spanish backwardness with respect to to other countries and chieftaincy. To this generation belong writers such as Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín, Machado, Ramiro de Maeztu..., painters like Benlliure, Zuloaga, Sorolla, Romero de Torres and musicians like Pomegranates or Albéniz. -
Paris Treaty
Spain lost the last milestones of the
overseas empire. Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines and the island of Guam (in the archipelago of the Marianas) to the USA. Cuba, although formally independent, remained under American control. -
Period: to
Pistolerismo
During this timespan public figures such as politicians were often shot by a hired muerderer
by the oposition.The president of the goverment, Eduardon Dato was shot and mudered in
1921. -
Annual disaster
General Fernandez Silvestre made a military mistake which caused terrible consequences.
Abd-el-Krim leader of the rifian troops had a efficient performance. This disaster caused lots
of deaths and made republicans and socialists attack the dictatorship. -
Period: to
Militar dictory
Miguel Primo de Rivera named himself president and only minister. The regimen was
presented as intern with the desire of solving the problems of the country that had been
going on since the Restauration -
Landing of Alhucemas
The landing of Alhucemas was a military operation in coalition with France with the objective
of defeating Abd-el-Krim. After several defeats Abd-el-krim surrendered and the occupation
of the Morocco´s protectorate was done -
San Sebastián agreetment
Every anti-monarchy political force (republicans,socialists and catalanists) signed the
agreement of San Sebastian. The main focus of this agreement was to take out the
monarchy and claim the II Republic -
Second Republic Proclamation
The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco -
CONSTITUTION 1931
The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was approved on December 9, 1931 by the Constituent Cortes, after the Spanish general elections of 1931 that followed the proclamation of the Second Republic, and was in force until the end of the civil war in 1939 -
Law of religious congregations
The Law of Religious Confessions and Congregations, approved on May 17, 1933 by the Courts of the Second Spanish Republic, prohibited the Church from continuing to teach. The measure aroused the indignation of various conservative actors: politicians, bishops and leaders of Catholic organizations. -
October revolution
The Revolution of 1934 or revolutionary general strike in Spain in 1934 revolutionary strike movement that occurred between October 5 and 19, 1934 during the second biennium of the Second Spanish Republic. -
Military Uprising in Morocco
The military conspiracy began after the triumph of the popular front, being General Mola the leader of the coup and Franco who led the rebels. The trigger for the coup was the murder of José Calvo Sotelo for the assault guard. -
July 1936 coup
On July 18, 1936, a military uprising against the Second Republic led by Franco, Mola and Queipo de Llano broke out in Spain. The partial failure of the coup leads to the Spanish Civil War. A group of Assault Guards posted behind some dead horses as a barricade -
Battle for Madrid
After the coup that failed in the big cities, Madrid was the main objective of the military advance. The battle began on November 7, 1936 but Madrid resisted thanks to the arrival of the International Brigades, militants effort and propaganda under the slogan: They shall not pass! -
Unification Decree
It was promulgated by Franco and through this a single political party, the traditionalist Spanish phalanx and the JONS was created, in this way Franco becomes control of everything -
Bombing of Guernica
On April 26, 1937, the Condor Legion bombarded the city of Guernica. It was the first bombing of the civilian population. I had great demographic, social and political consequences. -
Unification Decree
The Unification Decree was a legal norm promulgated during the Spanish civil war, means of which the Spanish Falange political parties of the National Syndicalist Offensive Boards were merged under his command and the Traditionalist Communion, creating a new single party with the name of the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Syndicalist Offensive Boards -
Blue Stage
“Blue” or fascist stage (1939-1943). The dominant political force during the first period was the Falange, which had many similarities to other European fascist parties. On April 19, 1937, Franco had decreed the unification of Falangists and Requetés into a single party, forming FET y de las JONS. -
End of Civil War
The war ends on April 1, 1939 when Franco himself read a manifesto that marked the end of the war. As a consequence Negrín left for France, the republican government moved to Mexico. -
Vatican council II
The Second Vatican Council was the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, whose main object was the relationship between the Church and the modern world. It was summoned by Pope John XXIII, who announced it on January 25, 1959. It was one of the historical events that marked the 20th century. -
Murder of Carrero Blanco
The murder of Carrero Blanco, also known by his code name, was an attack perpetrated by the terrorist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna on December 20, 1973 against Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, President of the Spanish Government during the Franco dictatorship -
Franco's death
Francisco Franco Bahamonde was a Spanish soldier and dictator, a member of the group of high-ranking military leaders who staged the 1936 coup against the democratic government of the Second Republic, leading to the Spanish Civil War. -
The Proclamation of King Juan Carlos I
On November 22, 1975, upon being proclaimed king by the Cortes, Juan Carlos I gave a speech with words of opening and reconciliation, which made his democratic intention clear. -
The Formation of "PLATAJUNTA"
During the final years of the dictatorship, the left was grouped into 2 platforms: The democratic Board led by Santiago Carrillo. The platform of democratic convergence, directed by Felipe González. In 1976, these two platforms were united in the Democratic Coordination, better known as the "PLATAJUNTA". -
Resignation of Arias Navarro
The politicization of public life in favor of the legalization of all political parties and unions, the general amnesty, the autonomy of the Basque Country and Catalonia, and personal problems with King Juan Carlos forced the resignation of the president. -
1977 Elections
On this day it was celebrated the first democratic elections after the franquism. The UCD of Adolfo Suárez earned simple majority, chased by PSOE of Felipe González. -
The 1978 Constitution
One of the objectives of the Transition government was the elaboration of a constitution. A Committee of 7 members met to write a widely agreed text that was approved on December 6, 1978 by the Cortes and promulgated on December 29, 1978. Creating a rigid, inclusive, democratic and extensive constitution. -
Filesa Case
The Filesa case was a case of corruption consisting of the creation of a network of
companies (Filesa, Malesa and Time-Export), whose purpose was the illegal financing of the
PSOE, to cover the expenses originated by the electoral campaigns of the year 1989 -
Period: to
PP's first legislature
José María Aznar, leader of the PP, won the 1996 elections by a narrow margin, developing
a centrist and dialoguing policy to obtain the support of the nationalist minorities (CiU and
PNV) and the unions. The government's support came from the old UCD (Mayor Oreja) or
from young politicians (Rodrigo Rato), who distanced the PP from the old image of
Francoism -
Antiterrorist fight
The fight against terrorism made great progress with the dismantling of terrorist commandos
and social mobilization in the Basque Country and in the rest of Spain, especially after the
murder in 1997 of the PP councilor in Ermua, Miguel Ángel Blanco, which triggered the
so-called spirit of Ermua, PP and PSOE would approach positions, coming to sign the Pact
for Freedoms and Against Terrorism at the beginning of the next legislature -
Period: to
Zapatero's socialist government
In 2008, Zapatero's PSOE would win again, but this legislature was determined by the
economic crisis, which the government denied over and over again. The economic deterioration led to taking measures that failed to prevent the collapse of the financial system
and construction, with unemployment exceeding 5 million people.
In this context, the citizen movement known as 15M or movement of the indignant will
emerge and the PP will win overwhelmingly -
Covid
Since the end of February 2020 and from China, a coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has
spread throughout the world, forcing a state of alarm to be decreed, entailing the virtual
paralysis of social and economic life and generating a high mortality rate. in Spain (more
than 100,000 deaths to date), which has especially affected the older population.
