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1000
The Dark Ages
The Dark age, also called the "Middle Ages", came after the fall of the Roman Empire. During the Dark Ages, the Roman Catholic Church became organized into a hierarchy with the pope as the head in western Europe. He established and was the supreme power. The Dark Ages also seen the rise of Feudalism. Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe. it was a way of structuring society around relationships from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.. -
Period: 1000 to
Beginnings to exploration
7 done -
May 23, 1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance is a powerful period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Dark Ages. From the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance encouraged the pursue of classical learning, literature and art. One of the renaissances' most influential painters and thinkers is Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, architect, inventor, and scientist, he epitomized the term “Renaissance man.” Today he is known for his painting Mona Lisa. -
Jun 6, 1300
Aztecs
The Aztecs arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their capital city Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs were looked as the dominant force in central Mexico. The Aztecs are very well known for their Human Sacrifices. Human sacrifices were a part of their religious ceremony that they believed satisfied the gods to save them from suffering. The Aztecs also developed an early Caste system.The Aztecs followed a social structure of nobles , commoners, and serfs or slaves. -
Feb 21, 1347
The Black Death
The Black Death was a horrific global epidemic of plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at a Sicilian port. Over the next five years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europe, almost one-third of the continent’s population. The black plague is believed to be the fault of rats. However, it was the flees in the rats that caused them to die and spread the bacteria and germs. -
Nov 14, 1483
Martin Luther
Luther spent his early years as a monk and scholar. In 1517, Luther penned a document attacking the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of selling indulgences to forgive sin. His “95 Theses,” that said the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds sparked the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church was divided, and Luther's Protestant ideas rose. His writings changed the course of religious and cultural history. -
Jul 31, 1492
The Colombian Exchange
As Europeans explored the Atlantic, they brought plants, animals, and diseases that changed lives on both "worlds". These exchanges between the Americas and Europe/Africa are known as the Columbian Exchange. Sugar proved to be the most important good that carried the same economic importance as oil does today. Some sugar was available in the Old World, but Europe’s climate made sugarcane hard to grow. Labor was needed for sugar and goods which in turn fueled the demand to enslave Africans. -
Sep 7, 1498
Portuguese Exploration
Portugal, was one of the primary players in the European Age of Discovery and Exploration. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the dominant role during most of the fifteenth century in searching for a route to Asia by sailing south around Africa. In the process, the Portuguese accumulated a wealth of knowledge about navigation and the geography of the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus is seen as the top explorer however people don't know he was trained by the Portuguese. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
7 done -
Virginia
The Virginia Colony was the first of the original 13 colonies of North America. The Virginia Colony was founded in 1607 by John Smith .The Virginia Colony was classified as one of the Southern Colonies. The Province of Virginia was an English colony in North America that existed from 1607 until 1776, when it joined the other colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Virginia. Virginia was known for their slave plantations and their huge amounts of slave labor. -
Plymouth
Plymouth Colony was an English colony in North America from 1620 to 1691 at a location that was named by Captain John Smith. The settlement was the capital of the colony. Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts.Plymouth was founded by a group of Puritan Separatists known as the Pilgrims. It was one of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English in America, along with Jamestown and other settlements in Virginia, which also flourished nicely. -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in the Colonies.The Purpose of the Navigation Acts was to encourage the use of British shipping and allow Great Britain to retain the monopoly of British colonial trade for the benefit of British merchants. The 1660 Navigation Act ensured that the importation and exportation of goods from British Colonies were restricted to British ships which were under the control of British mariners. -
Nathanial Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon was a colonist of the Virginia Colony, famous as the instigator of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676. At the start of his rebellion the governor branded Bacon a rebel, but he was soon forced by public pressure to give Bacon a commission. Later Berkeley denounced Bacon’s activities as rebellious and launched several military expeditions against Bacon. Bacon managed to seize control of the government for a time and called a reform assembly to repeal low tobacco price scales and high taxes. -
Quakers
In 1681, King Charles II granted William Penn, a Quaker, a charter for the area that was to become Pennsylvania. Penn guaranteed the settlers of his colony freedom of religion. He advertised the policy across Europe so that Quakers and other religious dissidents would know that they could live safely.The persecution of Quakers in began in 1656 when English Quaker missionary Mary Fisher began preaching in Boston. They were considered heretics because of their following on individual obedience. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, aka “The Revolution of 1688” or “The Bloodless Revolution,” took place from 1688-1689 in England. It involved the overthrow of Catholic king James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.Reasons for the revolution were complex and included political and religious concern that changed how England was governed, giving Parliament more power over the monarchy and planting seeds for the beginnings of a political democracy. -
Salem Which Trials
The infamous Salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. As soon as word spreaded, a special court convened in Salem to hear the cases; the first convicted witch, Bridget Bishop, was hanged that June. Eighteen others followed Bishop to Salem’s Gallows Hill, while some 150 more men, women and children were accused over the next several months. -
Period: to
Colonial America To 1763
7 -
The Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade is the trade routes of England, Africa, and the Americas. The trade fell into the three categories.The raw materials and natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies - also refer to Colonialism. Manufactured products from England and Europe such as guns, cloth, beads.Slaves from West Africa, many of whom toiled in the Slave Plantations This is important to my timeline because its the start of slave exposure to the New World. -
Sir Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton had a huge impact on the Enlightenment. Not only did he create calculus, he also described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. Newton ideas about the universe became the center of the Enlightenment period. His main contributions were the idea that natural laws existed He championed deism and that institutions could follow these laws to produce the best ideal society. Newton is important to my timeline because he is a prime example of an enlightenment scientist. -
The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the crossing from Africa to the Americas, which the ships made carrying their cargo of slaves. It was so-called because it was the middle section of the trade route taken by many of the ships. The first section the Outward Passage was from Europe to Africa. Then came the Middle Passage, and the Return Passage was the final journey from the Americas to Europe.The Middle Passage took the enslaved Africans away from their homeland, many slaves didn't make it to the New World. -
Benjamin Franklin
Franklin was born in January 1706, in the Boston, Massachusetts colony. Franklin was also a true man of the Enlightenment, embracing science, reason, natural human rights, free thinking and morality. He personally did not agree with many of the rules and doctrines of religion as taught in church, favoring basic moral virtues that served “practical” purposes in the lives of men. He was tolerant of different churches. Franklin is important to my timeline because he is the father of enlightenment. -
George Whitfield
In 1740, Whitefield went on a long preaching circuit from New York City to South Carolina. During this time, he preached to numerous large audiences which were in the thousands. His style of preaching drew in people from all over, spreading the message of the gospel. In many ways, Whitefield was, for the first time, gathering together colonists from various colonies to hear the message. George Whitefield is Important to my timeline because he was a religious icon in the Great Awakening. -
Fort William Henry
Fort William Henry was a British fort at the southern end of Lake George, in New York. It was part of a chain of British and French forts along the important inland waterway from New York City to Montreal, and occupied a key forward location on the frontier between New York and New France. It is the site of notorious atrocities committed by the Huron tribes against the surrendered British and provincial troops following a successful French siege in 1757. This was a turning point in the war. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
7 done -
Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies.The Seven Years’ War had been enormously expensive, and the Government had to finance the war with debt so both sides wanted to end it. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. The Treaty was important because it ended the war. -
Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to help pay for the Seven Years' War. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. The stamp act is important to my timeline because it was one of the initial causes of the American Revolution. -
No Taxation without Representation
"No taxation without representation" is a slogan originating during the 1700s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution. Many in those colonies believed that, as they were not directly represented in the distant British Parliament, any laws it passed affecting the colonists like the stamp act were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin’s Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of British tea into the harbor. .This is important to my timeline because it showed Great Britain that Americans wouldn’t take taxation/tyranny and end up just sitting down. They rallied American patriots across the 13 colonies to fight for independence. -
Olive Branch Petition
in 1775, the Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition, written by John Dickinson, which appeals directly to King George III and expresses hope for reconciliation between the colonies and Great Britain. Dickinson, who hoped desperately to avoid a final break with Britain, phrased colonial opposition to British policy as follows: Your Majesty’s Ministers, persevering in their measures, and proceeding to open hostilities for enforcing them, have compelled us to arm in our own defense. -
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine was an England-born political philosopher and writer who supported revolutionary causes in America and Europe. Published in 1776 to international acclaim, Common Sense was the first pamphlet to advocate American independence. After writing the The American Crisis papers during the Revolutionary War, Paine returned to Europe and offered a stirring defense of the French Revolution with Rights of Man.Thomas Paine is important because he wrote to influence the people for their freedom. -
The Declaration of Independence
The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. This is important because these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America. -
Anti Federalist Papers
In 1778 the states debated the merits of the proposed Constitution. Along with the Federalist Papers, the Anti-Federalist papers documented the political context in which the Constitution was born. The Federalist Papers defended the concept of a strong central government with their arguments in favor of the constitution. The Anti-Federalists saw in the constitution threats to rights and liberties recently won from England. The authors also discussed many other important matters in the papers. -
Articles of Confederation
The Continental Congress adopted the AOC on November 15, 1777. However, ratification of the AOC by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. This is important because the replacement of the AOC strengthened the US. -
Period: to
The Constitution
7 -
Shays Rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion was a series of violent attacks on courthouses and other government properties in 1786, Massachusetts, which led to a major military confrontation. The rebels were mostly ex-Revolutionary War soldiers turned farmers who opposed state economic policies causing poverty and property foreclosures. The rebellion was named after Daniel Shay, a farmer and former soldier who fought at Bunker Hill and was one of several leader. This was important because it proved that the AOC was weak. -
Virginia Plan
On May 29, 1787, Written primarily by James Madison, the plan traced the broad outlines of what would become the U.S. Constitution: a national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. In its amended form, this page of Madison's plan shows his ideas for a legislature. It describes 2 houses, one with members elected by the people for 3-year terms and the other composed of older leaders elected by the state legislatures for 7-year terms. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Confederation Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. Following the principles outlined by Thomas Jefferson in the Ordinance of 1784, the authors of the Northwest Ordinance, Nathan Dane and Rufus King spelled out a plan that was subsequently used as the country expanded to the Pacific. -
Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia met between May and September of 1787 to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the AOC. The US Constitution that emerged from the convention established a federal government with more specific powers, including those related to conducting relations with foreign governments. Many of the responsibilities for foreign affairs were the authority of the executive branch and the executive handling important matters. -
Period: to
New Republic
8 -
First Bank Of The US
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, the Bank of the United States was established in 1791 to serve as a repository for federal funds and as the government’s funding. Although it was well managed and profitable, critics charged that the First Bank’s fiscal caution was constraining economic development, and its charter was not renewed in 1811. The first national bank of the United States is important to my timeline because it was Alexander Hamilton's baby and was the lead bank of the United States. -
Bill Of Rights
Bill of Rights, in the United States, the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution on December 15, 1791, and which constitute a collection of reinforcing guarantees of individual rights and of limitations on federal and state governments. With the first five amendments being freedom of speech, right to bear arms, the housing of soldiers, Protection from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures,Protection of Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property, Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Cases. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
7 -
The Cotton Gin
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented a simple machine that influenced the history of the United States. He invented a cotton gin that was popular in the South. The South became the cotton producing part of the country because Whitney's cotton gin was able to successfully pull out the seeds from the cotton bolls. The cotton gin was great for the south but it did have many negative effects such as the increased demand for intense labor which eventually concluded in the increased amount of slaves. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a 1794 uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that had President Washington respond by sending troops to what some feared could become a full-blown revolution. Opposition to the whiskey tax and the rebellion itself built support for the US and overtook Washington’s Federalist Party for power. -
Jays Treaty
On November 19, 1794 representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed Jay’s Treaty, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty proved unpopular with the American public but did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality. British exports flooded U.S. markets, while American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs. -
Washingtons Farewell Adress
Washington departed his presidency and the nation's then capital city of Philadelphia in September 1796 with a characteristic sense of how to take dramatic advantage of the moment. As always, Washington was extremely sensitive to the importance of public appearance and he used his departure to publicize a major final statement of his political views. Washingtons farewell adress is important to my timeline because its long been recognized as a towering statement of American political purpose -
XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine. The final French Revolutionary government, the Directory, was experiencing problems financing its European wars. Many leaders were also angry that the United States had concluded and passed the Jay Treaty with Great Britain in 1794 -
Marbury vs Madison
Marbury v. Madison, arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history, was the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -- the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. Written in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in making the Supreme Court a separate branch of government equal to Congress and the executive. This is important to my timeline because it introduced judicial review -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 brought into the United States about 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. What was known at the time as the Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. The Louisiana purchase is important to my timeline because it nearly doubled the size of the United States . -
Lewis and Clark
The Lewis and Clark Expedition began in 1804, when President Thomas Jefferson tasked Lewis with exploring lands west of the Mississippi River that comprised the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis chose William Clark as his co-leader for the mission. It lasted over two years: Along the way they confronted harsh weather, unforgiving terrain, treacherous waters, injuries, starvation, disease and both friendly and hostile Native Americans. This is important because it gave people insight on the new land. -
12th Amendment
The catalyst for the Twelfth Amendment was the U.S. presidential election of 1800. Under the original text of the Constitution, political participation was at first reserved for the American elite. Only landowning white males could run for office and vote, and the voting privilege itself was restricted in presidential elections to elite slates of electors who would effectively choose the country’s president and VP. This is important to my timeline because it settled the vote for vice president. -
Dueling in the 1800s
Dueling started as a less violent way to solve disputes in the European Middle Ages. It was thought that God would pass judgment during a duel and save the "right" person. Dueling continued as a popular means of establishing honor and settling differences for hundreds of years. While duels had long been fought over a woman's hand, or to defend a man's honor. The duel that took place between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr is perhaps the most well-known, but it was not uncommon in politics. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
8 -
The Embargo Act
President Thomas Jefferson felt that a solution of war should be possible.Jefferson concluded that if the United States stopped all trade with both belligerents, they would be forced by economic necessity to respect American neutral rights. Jefferson proposed legislation which Congress passed in December 1807. Known as the Embargo Act, the new law forbade any American ship from leaving for a foreign port. As a gesture towards achieving better economy, the embargo acts resulted in a failure. -
War Of 1812
War of 1812,June 18, 1812–February 17, 1815 conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratification of the Treaty of Ghent.The tensions that caused the War of 1812 arose from the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. During this nearly constant conflict between France and Britain, American interests were injured by each of the two countries’ to block the United States from trading with the other. -
Star Spangled Banner
The United States national anthem is "The Star Spangled Banner". This song's lyrics originated as a poem written in 1814 titled "Defence of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key. He wrote the poem after watching British ships bombard Fort McHenry in Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. The poem was later set to music written by John Stafford Smith that had accompanied a British song titled "To Anacreon in Heaven". The Star Spangled Banner is important because its the National Anthem. -
The 2nd Bank of the US
The Second Bank of the United States was created in 1816, and chartered for 20 years. It went into operation in January 1817, and was headquartered in Philadelphia.A key Supreme Court decision came in the case of McCulloch v Maryland in 1819. The court ruled in two parts, first that chartering the Second Bank of the United States was within the power of the federal government, and further that the state of Maryland could not constitutionally tax a legitimate operation of the federal government. -
Tenant Farmers
Tenant farming, agricultural system in which landowners contribute their land and a measure of operating capital and management while tenants contribute their labor with various amounts of capital and management, the returns being shared in a variety of ways. Payment to the owner may be in the form of a share in the product, or in cash, or in a combination of both. Tenants and their families probably constitute two-fifths of the world’s population in agriculture. Most tenants owned slaves. -
Panic Of 1819
In 1819, the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. All regions of the country were impacted and prosperity did not return until 1824.The primary cause of the misery seems to have been a change toward more conservative credit policies by the Second Bank of the United States. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
7 Done -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. Admission of Missouri as a slave state would upset that balance; it would also set a precedent for congressional acquiescence in the expansion of slavery and a boundary at 30 30 on the map. -
Yeoman Farmers
The yeoman farmers who owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor remains the embodiment of the ideal American. These same values made yeomen farmers central to the republican vision of the new nation. Because family farmers didn't exploit large numbers of other laborers and because they owned their own property, they were seen as the best kinds of citizens to have political influence in a republic. The yeoman hardly owned any slaves because they couldn't afford them -
Monroe Doctorine
The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest.
President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned the US of foreign problems. -
Period: to
Age Of Jackson
7 -
The Corrupt Bargain
Following his victory in the disputed Election of 1824, John Quincy Adams appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State, a position regarded as a stepping stone to the presidency; Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Adams himself had held the position. Critics speculated that Clay’s support for Adams was thus rewarded.Most historians doubt that Adams solicited Clay’s support by offering him high office; that action would have beyond him and his nature. Jackson took his hatred for them to the grave. -
Election of 1824
As no presidential candidate had received a majority of the total electoral votes in the election of 1824, Congress decides to turn over the presidential election to the House of Representatives, as dictated by the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.As dictated by the Constitution, the election was then turned over to the House of Representatives. Representative Henry Clay, agreed to use his influence to have John Quincy Adams elected and Jackson lost but it fueled his fire to win 1828. -
Slave Codes
Slaves codes were state laws established to determine the status of slaves and the rights of their owners.Slave codes placed harsh restrictions on slaves’ already limited freedoms to keep them from running and gave slave owners absolute power over their slaves.Each state’s slave codes varied to suit the law of that region.Some codes prohibited slaves from possessing weapons, leaving their owner’s plantations without permission, and lifting a hand against a white person, even in self defense. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 was arguably one of the most significant in United States history, ushering in the era of political campaigns and paving the way for the solidification of political parties. The previous election, of 1824, had seen John Quincy Adams become president although his opponent Andrew Jackson had earned the most electoral votes. The Jacksonians had become known simply as the Democrats.This election was the first in which a majority of states held conventions to endorse a candidate. -
Age Of the Common Man
Having re-asserted the new nation’s sense of independence after battling the British a second time in the War of 1812, the election in 1828 of Andrew Jackson indicated a shift towards more democratic ideals. While previous presidents rose to political prominence through family background, landed wealth in the original thirteen colonies, and education, Jackson’s humble background and Tennessee roots made his rise to the presidency a powerful metaphor for the self-reliance of the “common man.” -
Death Of Jacksons Wife
As Andrew Jackson began his campaign to gain the White House, personal and political attacks mounted. Degrading remarks and taunts focused on the circumstances of Rachel’s marriage to Andrew. Stress and depression compounded her existing health issues. She reputedly told a friend “I would rather be a doorkeeper in the house of God than live in that palace in Washington.”Just after Jackson won the presidential election, Rachel’s final downturn in her illness began. She died on December 22, 1828. -
Mormons
Mormons are a religious group that embrace concepts of Christianity as well as revelations made by their founder, Joseph Smith. They primarily belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, which is headquartered in Utah, and has more than 15 million members worldwide. Another Mormon denomination, the Community of Christ, is centered in Independence, Missouri, and has about 250,000 members. The Mormon religion was officially founded in 1830 when The Book of Mormon was published. -
Mass Production
The Industrial Revolution changed the way things were made as new machines invented in the 1700s and 1800s meant it was possible to mass produce goods in factories. Starting in Britain and spreading through Europe and North America, a period of rapid social and economic change began, with widespread urbanization. With the rise of machinery and factories the labor needed to create products decreased and the production of goods (Unfinished and Finished) skyrocketed and provided jobs for people. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of people, African American as well as white, offering shelter and aid to escaped slaves from the South. It developed as a convergence of several different clandestine efforts. .The earliest mention of the Underground Railroad came in 1831 when slave Tice Davids escaped from Kentucky into Ohio and his owner blamed an “underground railroad” for helping Davids to freedom.Harriet Tubman was the most famous and well known conductor for the Underground Railroad. -
Nat Turners Rebellion
Nathanial Turner, who died at 31 years old, was a black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in August 1831 in U.S. history. Spreading terror throughout the white South, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened proslavery, antiabolitionist convictions that persisted in that region until the American Civil War 1861-1865. After death, plenty of new attention came to antislavery. -
Shakers
Shaker, member of the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, a celibate millenarian group that established communal settlements in the United States in the 18th century. Based on the revelations of Ann Lee and her vision of the heavenly kingdom to come, Shaker teaching emphasized simplicity, celibacy, and work. Shaker communities flourished in the mid-19th century and contributed a distinctive style of architecture, furniture, and handicraft to American culture. Ended 1900. -
The Second Great Awakening
This Second Great Awakening, a reprise of the Great Awakening of the early 18th century, was marked by an emphasis on personal over schooling and theology. It arose in several places and in several active forms. In New England, social activism took precedence; in western New York, the movement encouraged the growth of new denominations. Social activism spawned abolition groups, temperance and suffrage societies, and others committed to prison reform, care for the handicapped and mentally ill. -
Temperance Movement
Temperance movement, movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor. Although an abstinence pledge had been introduced by churches as early as 1800, the earliest temperance organizations seem to have been those founded at Saratoga, New York, in 1808 and in Massachusetts in 1813. The movement spread rapidly under the influence of the churches; by 1833 there were 6,000 local societies in several U.S. states. The Law is sober ! -
American Anti Slavery Society
As the main activist arm of the Abolition Movement, the society was founded in 1833 under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison. By 1840 its auxiliary societies numbered 2,000, with a total membership ranging from 150,000. The societies sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda everywhere, and sent out agents and lecturers to carry the antislavery message . -
John C Calhoun
John C. Calhoun (1782-1850), was a prominent U.S. statesman and spokesman for the slave-plantation system of the antebellum South. As a young congressman from South Carolina, he helped steer the United States into war with Great Britain and established the Second Bank of the United States. Calhoun went on to serve as U.S. secretary of war, vice president and briefly as secretary of state. A candidate for the presidency, Calhoun was the object of bitter partisan attacks from other contenders. -
Sam Houston
Houston’s arrival in Texas coincided with the heated contest between settlers and the Mexican govenment for control of the area. When they rose in rebellion against Mexico, he was chosen commander in chief of their army .On April 21, 1836, Houston and a force of roughly 900 Texans surprised and defeated some 1,200 Mexicans under Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. This triumph secured Texan independence and Houston was elected as president of the Republic of Texas. -
Battle of San Jacinto
On April 21, 1836, during Texas’ war for independence from Mexico, the Texas militia under Sam Houston launched a surprise attack against the forces of Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, near present-day Houston, Texas. The Mexicans were thoroughly routed, and hundreds were taken prisoner, including Santa Anna. In exchange for his freedom, Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing Texas independence. The Texans shouted “Remember the Alamo!” as they attacked. -
The Twin Sisters
During the Texas Revolution volunteers and donated material were provided by many sources in the United States and had two cannons manufactured and shipped to Texas.It is generally accepted that the two cannon, dubbed the "Twin Sisters" were delivered to the Texas Army.The Texas Army had the Twin Sisters in their possession when they confronted General Santa Anna on the plains at San Jacinto. The Texans won the day and the Twin Sisters became immortalized in history, or at least, Texas history. -
Trail of Tears
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died. By the end of the decade, very few natives remained in the southern US. -
Lowell Mills
The factories in Lowell employed at some estimates more than 8,000 textile workers, commonly known as mill girls or factory girls. These operatives so-called because they operated the looms and other machinery were primarily women and children from farming backgrounds.The Lowell mills were the first hint of the industrial revolution to come in the United States, and with their success came two different views of the factories. For many of the mill girls, employment brought a sense of freedom. -
The Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was a roughly 2,000-mile route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon, which was used by hundreds of thousands of American pioneers in the mid-1800s to emigrate west in the trail of tears.The trail was rough and snaked through Missouri and present-day Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and finally into Oregon. Without the Oregon Trail and the passing of the Oregon Donation Land Act in 1850 ,American pioneers would have been slower to settle the American West in the 19th century. -
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Sectionalism
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Telegraph
Developed in the 1830s by Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. First form of communication in the United States. -
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Westward Expansion
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Bear Flag Revolt
During the Bear Flag Revolt, July 1846, a small group of American settlers in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California an independent republic. The republic was short-lived because soon after the Bear Flag was raised, the U.S. military began settling California, which went on to join the union in 1850. Having won a bloodless victory at Sonoma, they proceeded to declare California an independent republic.The Bear Flag became the official state flag in 1911. -
The Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States. The war had begun almost two years earlier, in May 1846, over a territorial dispute involving Texas. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the including the land that makes Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. Mexico also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern boundary. -
California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush, arguably one of the most significant events to shape American history during the first half of the 19th century. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area the non-native population of the California territory. A total of $2 billion worth of gold was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush. -
Seneca Falls Convention
he Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s rights convention in the United States. Held in July 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, the meeting launched the women’s suffrage movement, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote.Originally known as the Woman’s Rights Convention, the Falls Convention fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women and, suffrage. The meeting was held from July 19 to 20, 1848 at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York. -
Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor served in the army for some four decades, commanding troops in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War 1832 and the second of the Seminole Wars 1835. He became a full-fledged war hero through his service in the Mexican War, which broke out in 1846 after the U.S. annexation of Texas. Elected president in 1848, Taylor entered the White House at a time when the issue of slavery and its extension into the new western territories had caused a major rift between the North and South. -
Compromise of 1850
Divisions over slavery in territory gained in the Mexican-American (1846-48). War were resolved in the Compromise of 1850. It consisted of laws admitting California as a free state, creating Utah and New Mexico territories with the question of slavery in each to be determined by popular sovereignty, settling a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute in the former’s favor, ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and making it easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves. Compromise was needed. -
Runaway Slaves
From the very beginning of slavery in America, enslaved people yearned to escape from their owners and flee to safety.Escape became easier for a time with the establishment of the Underground Railroad, a network of individuals and safe houses that evolved over many years to help fugitive slaves on their journeys north. he network was operated by guides such as the well-known escaped slave Harriet Tubman who risked their own lives by returning to the South many times to help others escape. -
Uncle Toms Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, is published. The novel sold 300k copies within three months and was so widely read that when President Abraham Lincoln met Stowe in 1862, he reportedly said, “So this is the little lady who made this big war.While living in Cincinnati, Stowe encountered fugitive slaves and the Underground Railroad. Later, she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in reaction to recently tightened fugitive slave laws. The book changed the publics view on slavery. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas is the term used to described the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory. In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraksa Act overturned the Missouri Compromise’s use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory and instead, using the principle of popular sovereignty, decreed that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Proslavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. -
Border States
The border states during the Civil War were the slave states that didn't leave the Union. These states included Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. West Virginia, which separated from Virginia during the war, was also considered a border state. Keeping control of the border states played an important role in the victory for the Union. These states gave the Union the advantage in troops, factories, and money. Not everyone in the border states supported the Union or the confederacy. -
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Reconstruction
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The North
The Union had the large population, people to fight in the war and work in the factories to make war materials. The North also had the industrial base, the factories to make these war materials. The Union was wealthier than the Confederacy and could finance the war. The Union had an established army and government, but the Confederacy would have to build their army and government from scratch. Finally, the Union had a navy which they used to blockade the southern coast and restrict goods. -
The South
The Confederacy would be fighting a defensive war, which is much easier than having to invade and conquer a territory. Because they would be fighting on their own land, they could take advantage militarily of their knowledge of the land.Some of the best military leaders, such as Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, chose to fight on the side of the Confederacy. It took Lincoln almost three years to find a competent commander in Ulysses S. Grant.The war took long for the Union to win. -
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The Civil War
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Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee served as a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. In June 1861, Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, which he would lead for the rest of the war. In the spring of 1863, Lee invaded the North, only to be defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg.Battling in a series of clashes in Virginia in 1864-65 before finally surrendering what was left of his army in April 1865. -
Ulysses S Grant
Ulysses Grant (1822-1885) commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War and served as the 18th U.S. president of 1869. During the Civil War, Grant, an aggressive and determined leader, was given command of all the U.S. armies. After the war he became a national hero, and the Republicans nominated him for president in 1868. He focused on Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves. -
Railroads
The development of RAILROADS was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution. With their formation, construction and operation, they brought profound social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years old. Over the next 50 years, America would come to see magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of rail locomotives crossing the country. They were established in the mid 1800's. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War. After a great victory over Union forces at Chancellorsville, General Robert E. Lee marched his Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania in late June 1863. On July 1, the advancing Confederates clashed with the Union’s Army of the Potomac, commanded by General George G. Meade, at the crossroads town of Gettysburg. This was the major turning point of the war. -
Lincolns 10% Plan
Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan,which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an Oath Of Allegiance to the Union. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments. All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. -
Carpetbaggers
The term carpetbaggers refers to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. Many carpetbaggers were said to have moved South for their own financial and political gains.The term carpetbagger was used by opponents of Reconstruction the period from 1865 to 1877 when the Southern states that seceded were reorganized as part of the Union to describe Northerners who moved to the South after the war, supposedly in an effort to get rich or acquire political power. -
40 Acres and a Mule
The phrase “forty acres and a mule” evokes the Federal government’s failure to redistribute land after the Civil War and the economic hardship that African Americans suffered as a result. As Northern armies moved through the South at the end of the war, blacks began cultivating land abandoned by whites. Rumors developed that land would be seized from Confederates, and given or sold to freedmen. These rumors rested on solid foundations: abolitionists had discussed land redistribution. -
Freedmans Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war. However, the bureau was not able to complete its programs. -
Lincolns Assassination
On the evening of April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War.At 10:15, Booth slipped into the box and fired his .44-caliber single-shot derringer pistol into the back of Lincoln’s head and shouted against him -
13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865 after the Civil War, abolished slavery in the United States. The 13th Amendment states: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”Despite the long history of slavery in the British colonies in North America, and the continued existence of slavery in America until 1865. -
KKK
Founded in 1866, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party’s Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders. Though Congress passed legislation designed to curb Klan terrorism, the organization saw its goal, white supremacy. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 stands as the first global depression brought about by industrial capitalism. While the first of many such market crashes the effects of the downturn were severe and unexpected. Unlike earlier capitalism, which is dependent on local markets and periodic shortages of labor or materials, industrial capitalism is controlled by the productivity of capital investments in stocks, bonds, and mechanization. Money, not labor or goods, remains the critical factor in economic growth. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow laws were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Named after an insulting song lyric regarding African Americans, the laws which existed for about 100 years, from the post-Civil War era until 1968 were meant to return Southern states to an antebellum class structure by marginalizing black Americans. Black communities and individuals that attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often met with violence and death.The roots of Jim Crow laws began at 1865,
