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Schooling Opportunities
From Baltimore to Cleveland and to Milwaukee to St. Louis bilingual public and parocial schools became fully operational for students. -
Nationality Act of 1906
To solve the Bilingual Education issue, congress implemented this first federal language law that required male immigrants to pass an English profiency test. Basically the purpose of this act was to have immigrants seeking naturalization speak English, even though it allowed the use of discrimination. -
Mendez v. Westminister 1947
This demanded social equality in the United states public education as Mexican and Mexican American students were being segregated. The rulling found that the students being separated was unconstitutional. -
Brown v. Board of Education
This was a success for the civils right movement as it rejected the idea of "separate but equal" and agreed that separate educational facities are inherently unequal. This was a great start to getting the ball rolling for integration within the public school system for students. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
The OCR 'Office for Civil Rights' is responsible for implementing Title VI of this act. This act forbid discrimination against those of a different religion, national origion, sex, color, race and religion inn public places. Also it gave the right to constitutional vote and ended racial segregation that was found in schools. -
Bilingual Education Act 1968
This authorized federal funding to develop instructed materials for use in bilingual education; which in turn provided professional development for aides, counselors and teachers. In addition to this, special programs for second language learners were established, implemented and maintained. This act was later reauthorized in 1984 and is also referred to as the Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. -
Lau v. Nichols
Before this case Chinese-speaking children attending San Francisco Schools filed a class action suit as they believed they were given unequal educational opportunities. After this case the Supreme Cout ruled that students would be given 'meaningful education' no matter their language background and this was overseen by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR). -
Castañeda v Pickard
The school district in Raymondville, Texas was found guilty of violationg the Equal Educational Opportunity Act as it did not allow CLD students equal rights. The fifth circuit Cort of Appeals agreed with the plantiffs and established a compliasnce test with three criteria;The program must be based on sound educational theory, be implemented affectively with adequeate resources and personnel, lastly must be evaluated and proved effective acessing the full curriculum. -
Plyler v. Doe
This was made to inact that publics schools are prohibited from denying illegal immigrant students access to equal education, which was based on the Fourteenth Amendment. The ruling declared that public schools are not allow to deny students admission based on their or their parent's undocumented status or a proof of a social security number. This case has enhanced the quality programming for CLD students as they are allowed admission to the school's provisions for programming. -
English Only Movement
The English-only advocates tried to get rid of bilingual programs by persuading California voters to pass the Proposition 227, which stresses that only English could be taught to the students. This ideology goes against everything that America is supposed to believe in; such as equality between all. Also the ideology of the EOM goes against studies that show that bilingual education and instructions are the best tools to helping CLD students acquire second language acquisition. -
NCLB
In attempt to increase efforts of accountability of low socioeconomic status (SES) and CLD students this was inacted. However there are counsequences for implementing 'NCLB' such as teachers tending to 'teach to the test'. This type of curriculum prevents linguistic, academic and cognitive rich instruction fthat students need.
