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GRAMMAR TRANSLATION THEORY
This method emerged in prussia at the end of the XVIII century.
Some of their representatives were: J. Seidenstücker, K. Plötz, H. S. Ollendor y J. Meidinger
This method is based on:
- Morfosyntactic wordb analysis.
Translation of all words in the text IN CONCLUSION: Memorize grammar rules and long vocabulary lists -
THE SERIES METHOD
This method was developed by François Gouin in XIX century. (1880) Is based on:
- Teach without translation and without rules nor grammatical explications a series of related phases. -
BEHAVIORISM
Behaviorism is a term that focuses on the understanding on the way people and animals act. It is closely related to the responses to environmental stimuli. It began at the end of the XIX century when Edward Thorndike created the law of effect. In the XX century, John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism -
THE DIRECT METHOD
This method emerged in Germain and French in XX century. (1900) Their creators were Berlitz and Sauce. This method is based on:
The main idea is that learning a second languaje should be an imitation of the mother tongue. GIVE IMPORTANCE TO THE PRONUNTIATION -
AUDIO-LINGUAL METHOD
This method was used in the 1950s and 1960s. The emphasis wasn`t on the understanding of words, but rather on the adquisition of structures and patterns in common everyday dialogue. -
INNATIST
One of its main pioneers is Noam Chomsky. Its a theory that defends that humans have skills, behaviors and knowledge prior to the experiences. It asserts that human have access to the knowledge that is processed innately -
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
This method was created by Dr.James J Asher in 1970s.
It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR, instructors give commands to students in the target language with body movements, and students respond with whole-body actions. The listening and responding (with actions).
It is a means of quickly recognizing meaning in the language being learned, and a means of passively learning the structure of the language itself. -
COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING
CLT was laid in the 1970s by linguists Michael Halliday, who studied how language functions are expressed through grammar.
In the 1970s and early 1980s was partly in response to the lack of success with traditional language teaching methods and partly due to the increase in demand for language learning.
Learners converse about personal experiences with partners, and instructors teach topics outside of the realm of traditional grammar, -
SUGGESTOPEDIA
Is a teaching method develooped by the Bulgarian psychorherapis Georgi Lozanov in 1970s. In this method physical sorrundings and atmosphere in class are the vital factors to make sure that the students feel confortable and confident, and various techniques, like…
- art, music, and are used by the trained teachers -
THE SILENT WAY
This method was origined in the early 1970s
Introduced by Caleb Gattegno.
Is based on:
- The teacher should be silent as much as possible and the learners shoud be encouraged to produce language as much as possible. Silence makes students to concentrate on what is to be learned. -
THE SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Is used to describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors. (Vigotsky, 1978) -
INPUT PROCESSING
Developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen claimed that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously acquired, and that conscious learning cannot be used as a source of spontaneous language production. Finally, learning is seen to be heavily dependent on the mood of the learner, with learning being impaired if the learner is under stress or does not want to learn the language -
THE NATURAL APPROACH
This method was developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrel Late 1970s and early 1980s.It aims to foster naturalistic language acquisition in a classroom setting, and to this end it emphasises communication, and places decreased importance on conscious grammar study and explicit correction of student errors.
In the natural approach, language output is not forced, but allowed to emerge spontaneously after students have attended to large amounts of comprehensible language input. -
FOCUS ON FORM (FonF)
Focus on form (Michael Long 1988) is an approach to language education in which learners are made aware of the grammatical form of language features that they are already able to use communicatively. The learner must be aware of the meaning and use of the language features before the form is brought to their attention. -
THE NOTICING HYPOTHESIS
Is a concept in second-language acquisition proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. He stated that learners cannot learn the grammatical features of a language unless they notice them. Noticing alone does not mean that learners automatically acquire language; rather, the hypothesis states that noticing is the essential starting point for acquisition -
CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING (CLIL)
The CLIL concept was devised by David Marsh in 1994. It is a learning method that consists of teaching a subject in a foreign language so as to deepend the content of subject and the language involved. -
THE INTERACTION HYPOTHESIS
Is a theory of second-language acquisition which states that the development of language proficiency is promoted by face-to-face interaction and communication. The idea existed in the 1980s, but is usually credited to Michael Long for his 1996 paper The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. -
PROCESSABILITY THEORY
Is a theory and a model of second language acquisition developed by Manfred Pienemann (1998) that touches the linguistic structures that surface in the learning of a second language. Processability theory states that learners restructure their L2 knowledge systems in an order of which they are capable at their stage of development.
