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Icon; established heroicism; transitional between classical and romantic eras
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German writer; prime example of Romanticism; wrote "The Nutcracker" story
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Founder of German Romantic Opera
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Most famous composer in Vienna; choral music and Italian operas
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Prolific especially in serious Italian opera
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Austrian; created dramatic Lieder; expansive melodies; frequent modulations
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Wrote serious Italian operas; very dramatic with action and passion
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French, leading innovator
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Important Russian composer
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Discouraged from composing but still published; big in salon culture
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Conservative; revived Bach
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Artists began to disregard traditional forms and harmonic rules - lead to strange new harmonies to express more emotion and the creation of new forms.
Brass and percussion - bigger, new techniques of orchestration
Harmonic chromaticism used freely.
Improv with trills and ornaments were no longer used - follow composer wants
Tempo rubato - borrowed time was used, increased need for conductors in ensembles
Upper and middle class patrons replaced courts, solo recitals and salon culture thrived -
Emotional expression became the focus of music - composers and individualism more important than ever. Sense of longing especially popular emotions were "romanticized" and passion was glorified.
Programmatic music became popular, modern, more dramatic. Advocated by the progressive school of Berlioz, Liszt, Bruckner, and Wagner.
Monumental - grand, large choral and/or orchestral works vs mini character pieces or Lied common
The supernatural became inspiration to artists. -
Absolute music - pure music without a program advocated by conservative composers like Brahms, R. Schumann, and Felix Mendelssohn
Instruments - improvements and refinement of tuning for many such as piano; percussion used more; "accompanying" voices got more parts; strings less important
Forms - traditional existing forms like sonata, variations, ritornello, and rondo were used but were expanded; more progressive composers abandoned forms -
Melody - focal point more expansive and elongated; popular leap of a sixth used
Harmony - more important; many innovations such as 7ths, 9ths, and harmonic chromaticism; dissonance wasn't prepped; progressions by thirds was common
Dynamics - finally used essential as a tool for expression; wide variety of composers wishes written
Rhythm - more free; rubato; meter changes and heroic fanfare were common -
Timbre/orchestration - instruments' roles were changed; orchestration was its own art form; Berlioz was very innovative
Texture - not a focus; served the music; homophony, polyphony, and monophony were all used -
Composer and important critic; lost his sanity early on
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Innovative piano techniques; known for his character pieces
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Virtuoso pianist; supporter of Wagner; innovator in musical form, aesthetics, and harmonies
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Leading Italian opera composer; very loved
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Created German Music Drama; innovative harmony and melodies; wrote anti-semitic books
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Founded Opera bouffe and the can-can
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Wife of Robert; virtuosic pianist; composed some
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Austrian; followed Wagner; large orchestrations
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Nationalistic; established Czech opera
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Viennese; called the "Waltz-King"
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American, vernacular songwriter
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Austrian; never wrote opera; edited Bach; friends with Clara Schumann
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Created a new type of serious French opera
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One of Russian Mighty Five; folksongs
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Russian; emotional with conservative harmonies
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Famous Czech; lived in US; influenced by Native and African American music
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Famous Norwegian composer
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Part of Russian Mighty Five; wrote an orchestration treatise
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French composer and important teacher
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Czech folk composer and ethnomusicologist
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American; lead US Marine band in 1880; marches
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Internationally famous English composer
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Successful Italian opera composer; realism; delicate melodies
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Influenced by Wagner; wrote many Lieder
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Russian nationalist; student of Rimsky-Korsakov
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