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Constantine Reignedfrom 313 to 337 CE. Set a precedent by initiating the policy of Caesaropapism
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606-648 CE. Temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern India after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty.
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661-750 CE. Solved the problem of succession. Ruled the dar al-Islam as conquerors, and their policies reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy. Appointed members of this elite as governors and administrators of conquered lands. Fell at the beginning of the 8th century.
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750-1258 CE. Abbasid State was more cosmopolitan than the Ummayyad. Continued dar al-Islam
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751-843 CE. Charlemagne (r. 768 to 814 CE) temporarily reestablished centralized imperial rule in a society disrupted by invasion and contests for pwer between ambitious local rulers. Charlemagne instituted missi dominici, "envoys of the lord ruler"
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1000 CE. Population pressures and military challenges encouraged kin-based societies in the Congo region to form small states embracing a few villages each. Most tightly centralized of the early Bantu kingdoms.
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11th and 12th centuries. Located on the east African coast that dominated from Mogadishu in the north to Kilwa, the Comoro Islands, and Sofala in the south.
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Between 400 and 700 CE, mariners spread sweet potatoes throughout Polynesia and beyond to New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Long-distance voyaging prompted social changes in the Hawaiian islands.
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The patriarch and the pope mutually excommunicated each other, each refusing to recognize the other's church as properly Christian. Split to Eastern Orthodox church and Roman Catholic church
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1066 CE Duke William of Normandy invaded England, then ruled by descendants of the Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic peoples who had migrated there during the 5th and 6th centuries.
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1206-1526 CE. Mahmud's successors mounted a more systematic campaign to conquer northern India and place it under Islamic rule. They had conquered most of the Hindu kingdoms in northern India and established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi.
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1206-1227 CE. Unifier of Mongols was Temujin that mastered the art of steppet diplomacy, which called for displays of persoalcourage in battle. Eventually brought all the Mongol tribes into a single confederation, and in 1206 an assembly of Mongol leaders recognized Temujin's supremacy by proclaiming him Chinggis Khan ("unified ruler")
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Large scale agricultural societies emerged also in the woodlands east of the Mississippi River. Woodlands peoples began to cultivate maize and beans during the early centuries CE, and after about 800 these cultivated foods made up the bulk of their diets.
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589-618 CE. Began the construction of the Grand Canal. Sui Yangdi (604-618 CE) completed work on the canal to facilitate trade between North and South China. Grand Canal provoked hostility toward his rule because of high taxes and forced labor which led to rebellions breaking out in northern China
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618-907 CE. Equal Field system was made to ensure and equal distribution of land and to avoid the concentration of landed property that had caused social problems during the Han dynasty. Relied on the Bureaucracy of Merit. Focused on Military Expansion
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960-1279 CE. Never built a very powerful state. Song rulers mistrusted military leaders, and they placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts than on military affairs. During the Tang and Song, fast-ripening rice developed
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850-1267 CE. Did not build a tightly centralized state: allowed considerable autonomy for local and village institutions as long as they maintained order and delivered tax revenures on time
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950-1150 CE. The Toltecs began to migrate into the area about the 8th century. At the high point, Tula supported an urban population that might have reached 60 thousand people. Toltecs maintained a large and powerful army that campaigned periodically throughout Mexico.
