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Tammany Hall
It was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics and helping immigrants. It used patronage and bribes to maintain control of the city administration. Tammany Hall also served as a social integrator for immigrants by familiarizing them with American society and its political institutions and by helping them become naturalized citizens. -
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Mugwumps
A Republican political activists who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884. They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine -
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Andrew Carnegie
He was one of the most successful businessmen and most recognized philanthropists in history. His entrepreneurial ventures in America's steel industry earned him millions and he, in turn, made great contributions to social causes such as public libraries, education and international peace. -
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J. P. Morgan
He financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations. Morgan used his influence to help stabilize American financial markets during several economic crises, including the panic of 1907. -
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John D. Rockefeller
Founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world's wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio refinery. He organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. ... He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. -
Sweatshops
A factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours under poor conditions and many health risks. Owners kept conditions unsafe inorder to maximize profits and protested attempts to unionize or create a standard for safety. -
Homestead Act
Provided 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on the phot and farm it for five years. It led to Western expansion and allowed citizens of all walks of life—including former slaves, women and immigrants—to become landowners. -
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Andrew Johnson
Republican; Reconstruction, First president impeached, purchased Alaska. -
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Period 6
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Reconstruction Era
A period where the United States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans. -
National Labor Union
Tried to bring together disparate labor unions to work for common goals important to all working men and women. Its primary concern was to reduce the 10-hour workday to eight hours. It paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL. -
Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty
A treaty between the Comanches and the U.S. army in which the Comanches agreed to settle on a reservation. -
The Grange
A national organization of farmers formed after the Civil War to promote the rights and dignity of farmers. -
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Treaty brought peace between the whites and the Sioux who agreed to settle within the Black Hills reservation in the Dakota Territory. -
Treaty of Bosque Redondo
It ended the Navajo Wars and allowed for the return of those held in internment camps at Fort Sumner following the Long Walk of 1864. The treaty effectively established the Navajo as a sovereign nation -
Grant Peace Policy
Removed corrupt Indian agents, who supervise reservations, and replace them with Christian missionaries, whom he deems morally superior. He tried to end the Plains Indian Wars by creating a series of reservations on which tribes could maintain their traditional ways. -
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Gilden Age
Refer to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of the period. -
Transcontinental Railroad Complete
The transcontinental railroad was the first to span the whole United States allowing travel from the East to the West. With it, the Union Pacific rail line from California connected to the Central Pacific line out of Chicago and points East. It was built by Chinese and Irish immigrants and allowed faster travel and easier communication -
Knights of Labor
The first major labor organization in the United States. The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. Started off as a secret agency. Scared people and made them fear labor unions. -
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Ulysses S. Grant
Republican; Reconstruction continued, many scandals -
Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller's company, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 this company controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distribute more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the US. By the turn of the century, it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies -
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Stalwarts
A faction of the Republican Party who wanted the party to stay true to its earlier support for Reconstruction in the South and who were less connected to the emerging big-business interests than others. -
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Social Gospel
Movement was a religious movement that arose during the second half of the nineteenth century. Began to tie salvation and good works together. Tried to be charitable and give back in order to emulate Jesus. -
Treaty of Washington
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Panic of 1873
This panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. It was the first global depression brought about by industrial capitalism. -
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
A National organization formed after the Civil War dedicated to prohibiting the sale of distribution of alcohol. It was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform. The organization supported the 18th Amendment and was also influential in social reform issues that came to prominence in the progressive era. -
Battle of Little Boghorn
Gold was found on sacred Indian land. It was a decisive victory for the Sioux in the short term, but in the long term, it only worsened relations between Native Americans and the U.S. government. Following the battle, the government increased its efforts to drive Native Americans off of their lands and onto reservations. -
Alexander Grahmn Bell patients the Telephone
It made communication easier. Getting information was easier and it further connected the country. In addition, it gave companies the ability to talk directly to employees allowed businesses to expand without fear of being out of touch. -
Compromise of 1877
It effectively ended the Reconstruction era. Southern Democrats promised to protect the civil rights of blacks in exchange for the North pulling their soldiers out of the South. However, their promise to uphold civil rights was not kept. It ended federal interference in southern affairs. -
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It made the railroads the first industry subject to Federal regulation. Congress passed the law largely in response to public demand that railroad operations be regulated. -
Great Railroad Strike
A protest in response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year. Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked. The strike ended due to federal government intervention, the use of state militias, and the employment of strikebreakers by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. -
New South
Refers to a period in the south after the Civil War where the South experienced an economic shift from an exclusively agrarian society to one that embraced industrial development. During this time the south tried to integrate fully with the United States, and reject the economy and traditions of the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system. Although new industries did emerge in this era, the benefits of the New South did not accrue to African Americans or poor whites. -
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Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican; Compromise of 1877, Reconstruction ended. -
Thomas Edison creates the Phonograph
Phonograph allowed people to listen to whatever music they wanted, when they wanted, where they wanted, and for as long as they wanted. It further industrialized the world and gave access to more luxury goods. -
Carlisle Indian School
A boarding school for Native American children to teach them white ways and separate Indian Children from tribal culture. It was an attempt to assimilate natives to white life. -
Single Tax Movement
A single tax- a 100% tax on any increase in the value of rea estate. Was designed to keep property values low and therefore limit the accumulation of wealth while spreading opportunity more broadly in the society. -
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James Garfield
Republican; Second president assassinated -
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Chester Arthur
Republican; Pendleton Act -
Chinese Exclusion Act
An immigration law passed that prevented Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. It was the first immigration law that excluded an entire ethnic group. It also excluded Chinese nationals from eligibility for United States citizenship. It was in response to workers getting upset that the Chinese were "stealing" their jobs. -
Edison Illuminating Company lights Southern Manhattan
Signaled that the world was becoming more revolutionized. in addition, it signaled technological advancements. -
Agricultural Wheel Farmers
An organization of farmers. begun in Arkansas. More militant than the Grange, it sought to advance farmer's economic status -
Four Standard Time Zones Created
Signaled the industrialization of the world. It made travel and business faster. Tt helps in organizing a uniform schedule for transport like railways and airways. It cuts down on costs that would be otherwise incurred on adjusting to different time schedules and the subsequent loss of time. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
It gave international audiences their first glimpse of the American Wild West. It created the cowboys vs Indians. Portrayed cowboys as rough tough heros. -
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
Reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contributions and creating the Civil Service Commission to oversee their appointment on the basis pf merit rather than politics. -
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Grover Cleveland
Democrat; First Democratic president since Civil War; Tariff battle with Congress -
Haymarket Bombing
A strike in Chicago in favor of 8 hour days where a bomb was thrown into a crowd. The police and possibly some members of the crowd opened fire and chaos ensued. Many people were injured or killed. It caused the end of the Knights of Labor. It created panic and hysteria in Chicago and increased anti-labour and anti-immigrant sentiment and suspicion of the international anarchist movement, throughout the country -
Farmers Alliance
An American agrarian movement during the 1870s and '80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy. Demanded economic and political reforms; it helped create the Populist party. -
American Federation of Labor
An organization focused on winning economic benefits for its members through collective bargaining. As a federation, it represented several national craft unions that each retained autonomous operations. It marked the beginning of a continuous large-scale labor movement in the United States. Its member groups comprised national trade or craft unions that organized local unions and negotiated wages, hours, and working… -
Colored Farmers National Alliance and Cooperative Union
An organization of Southern black farmers formed in Texas In response to the Southern Farmers' Alliance that did not accept black people as members. it also helped launch the populist party. -
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George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla discover alternating Current
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Dawes Act
Authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands by partitioning them into individual plots. Only those Native American Indians who accepted the individual allotments were allowed to become US citizens. The objective of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Native American Indians into mainstream US society by annihilating their cultural and social traditions. -
Oklahoma Land Rush
Was the first land rush into the Unassigned Lands. Thousands of would-be settlers make a mad dash into the newly opened Oklahoma Territory to claim cheap land. -
The Gospel of Wealth
Asserts that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth. The biggest problem of the time is the proper management of wealth. Carnegie abhorred indiscriminate charity and believed that handouts would do more harm than good, both for the people and society. -
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Benjamin Harrison
Republican; Built-up navy, Grandson of William H. Harrison, McKinley Tariff -
Lakota Sioux Ghost Dance
Part of a religious awakening among the Lakota Sioux in which they believed that if they returned to their traditional ways and ceremonies, the whites would be driven from their land. Practice in the movement was believed to have contributed to Lakota resistance to assimilation under the Dawes Act. -
Massacre at Wounded Knee
An 1890 massacre left some 150 Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux. In 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee for 71 days to protest conditions on the reservation -
United Mine Workers of America
A union that brought together mine workers in the eastern half of the U.S. in one organization that became a national union. -
Sherman Antitrust Act
The first legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress (1890) to curb concentrations of power that interfere with trade. It sought to prompt economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade or commerce. It gave Congress more authority over economic commerce. -
Subtreasury System
This proposal called for the establishment of a network of government warehouses for the storage of non-perishable agricultural commodities (such as cotton), to be operated at minimal cost to participating farmers. It allowed farmers to secure low-interest government loans and gave the farmers some latitude concerning when to sell. -
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Progressive Movement
A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were addressing problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption. -
The People's Party (Populist)
An agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country’s farmers and agrarian workers. The Populist movement was preceded by the Farmer’s Alliance and the Grange. The Populists allied with the labor movement and were folded into the Democratic Party in 1896. They campaigned for farmers and tried to weaken the monopolistic power of big business, banks, and railroad corporations. Their party marked the begining of the progressive movement. -
Homestead Strike
Homestead strike broke the AA as a force in the American labor movement. Many employers refused to sign contracts with their AA unions while the strike lasted. A deepening in 1893 of the Long Depression led most steel companies to seek wage decreases similar to those imposed at Homestead. It inspired many workers, but it also underscored how difficult it was for any union to prevail against the combined power of the corporation and the government. -
Carnegie Steel Company
Revolutionizing America through using technology and methods that made manufacturing steel easier, faster and more productive. It was a steel empire, maximizing profits and minimizing inefficiencies through ownership of factories, raw materials and transportation infrastructure involved in steel making. Created a monopoly and lowered wages, maximized work hours, and had no safety protocols in order to maximize profits. -
Panic of 1893
A result of over-expansion in the industry and the railroads and a drop in European demand for American farm products and a drop off of European investment in the US. When the financial crisis struck, banks and other investment firms began calling in loans, causing hundreds of business bankruptcies across the United States. Banks, railroads, and steel mills especially fell into bankruptcy. Over fifteen thousand businesses closed during the Panic of 1893. -
American Railway union
It was dedicated to uniting all rail workers "into one, compact working force for legislative as well as industrial action. Involved in the Pullman strike. It was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893, the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1893. -
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Grover Cleveland pt 2
Democrat; Only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms; Depression of 1893 -
Coxey's Army Marches on D.C.
A protest march of unemployed workers that demanded a public work highway program and guaranteed jobs during the depression. They marched on Washington, D.C. in the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. -
Pullman Strike
Cause of the Pullman strike was the cutting of wages of the laborers but not reducing the rent charged. It was basically a nation wide railroad strike in the country of United States. Strike affected rail transportation nationwide, essentially bringing American business to a halt. The federal government got an injunction in federal court which ordered an end to the strike. President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to Chicago to enforce the court ruling. -
Atlanta Compromise
A proposal that African Americans remain separate from whites while focusing on economic self help. Washington said that Reconstruction had failed by offering African Americans 'too much too soon'. Washington asserted that vocational education, which gave blacks an opportunity for economic security, was more valuable to them than social advantages, higher education, or political office. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". -
Seperate but Equal
It essentially established the constitutionality of racial segregation. As a controlling legal precedent, it prevented constitutional challenges to racial segregation for more than half a century until it was finally overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v Board of Education. -
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WIlliam McKinley
Republican; Spanish-American War; Third president assassinated -
U.S. Steel becomes the largest Corporation
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Socialist Party
A new political party organized after the defeat of the railroad strikes in the 1890s. It nominated candidates for presidental elections but lost. It won some lesser offices. It was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel. -
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Theodore Roosevelt
Republican; Trust buster, Square Deal reforms, Big Stick in Caribbean -
Muckraking Journalism
Reform-minded journalists in the Progressive Era in the United States (1890s–1920s) who exposed established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in popular magazines.Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Theodore Roosevelt for its "raking the muck" from the bottom of American society. -
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
They fought for for a radically different economic system that favored workers over owners. It sought to organize unskilled laborers in order to challenge and overthrow the capitalist system. They advocated the overthrow of the wage system and putting workers in control of their own work lives through industrial organization. They used employed strikes, boycotts, slowdowns, and other forms of direct action to achieve their ends. -
Niagara Movement
African American group organized to promote racial integration, civil and political rights, and equal access to economic opportunities, the later movement would help organize the NAACP. -
The Jungle
He exposed the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry. His description of diseased, rotten, and contaminated meat shocked the public and led to new federal food safety laws. -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
An international organization dedicated to responding African American political and social rights. -
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William Howard Taft
Republican; Dollar Diplomacy in Caribbean, Slipt with Theodore Roosevelt -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY that killed 146 workers and later led to new factory inspections and safety laws. The tragedy brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories, and led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers. -
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's Program for government intervention in the economy to restore competition by curtailing the business monopolies, thereby providing opportunities for individual achievement. The speeches promised significant reforms for greater economic opportunity for all, while ensuring the tradition of limited government. -
Bread and Roses strike
A new state law had reduced the maximum workweek from 56 to 54 hours. Factory owners responded by speeding up production and cutting workers' pay. Workers left and went on strike. Congress compromised with the strikers. This was an historic strike that united workers across many traditional barriers including language, nationality, gender, and age. -
Henry Ford's moving assembly line is created
His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to two hours and 30 minutes. The innovation of the moving assembly line cut the number of workers required and reduced the time it took to assemble a car. It also gave the company more control over the pace. -
Federal Reserve System
It created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today. -
Ckayton Anti-Trust Act
A piece of legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1914. The act defines unethical business practices, such as price-fixing and monopolies, and upholds various rights of labor. It gave the government the power to protect both competition and consumers by restricting certain unhealthy business practices. -
Ludlow Massacre
An attack on striking coal miners and their families by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company guards at Ludlow.It fueled a nationwide push for labor reforms even as it led to open war in the coalfields of southern Colorado -
Federal Trade Commission
he nation's consumer protection agency and one of the government agencies responsible for keeping competition among businesses strong. Its job is to make sure companies compete fairly and don't mislead or trick people about their products and services.