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First Opium War
War between China and Great Britain over opium trade that results in Great Britain winning and the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing. -
Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty between China and Great Britain that ended the First Opium War, opens up Chinese ports for the British, and cedes Hong Kong to Great Britain. -
Treaty of Wangxia
A treaty between the U.S. and China that gives the United States any rights to China that other countries have. -
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Second Opium War
War between China versus France and Great Britain over the extension of trading rights in China, resulting in the Treaties of Tianjin. -
Treaties of Tianjin
Negotiations between China and Great Britain and France that resulted in concessions by China, including for more ports to open and free travel through China by foreigners. These rights are also granted to the United States and Russia. -
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First Sino-Japanese War
A war between China and Japan over control of Korea, results in China's defeat and Japan emerging as a world power. China's defeat in the war encourages Western countries to make more demands over China. -
President McKinley Statement
In 1898, President McKinley states that he wants to create an "open-door" for all nations to trade and have access to Chinese markets. -
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Spanish-American War
War between Spain and the United States. A result of the war is the transfer of power over the Philippines from Spain to the United States. The territory gain for the United States made them take matters in the far East more seriously. -
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Boxer Rebellion
A retaliation to the open door policy by Chinese nationalists with the goal of ending foreign occupation. The rebellion ends when the Boxer Protocol is signed and foreign troops are allowed to be stationed in China. -
John Hay’s Open Door Note
Secretary of State John Hay begins Open Door policy with China with notes sent to Great Britain, France, Russia, and other major powers. The note called for establishment of equal trading rights for all nations in China and for recognition of the territorial integrity for China. This policy would put all of the imperial nations on equal footing in regards to their spheres of influence. -
Open Door Policy (part 2)
A second note by John Hay that is in response to the Boxer Rebellion. He states that the territorial and administrative integrity of China should be preserved while looking to end the rebellion. -
Japan's Twenty One Demands
Japan issues twenty one demands for special privileges in China and gets most of them, which violates the Open Door policy. -
Nine-Power Treaty
An agreement made to reaffirm the Open Door policy and China's sovereignty. It is signed by the Unites States, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China. -
Mukden Incident
Japanese troops take control over the city of Mukden, and later take control over all of Manchuria and establish a Japanese dominated state, declaring it will respect the Open Door policy. -
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Second Sino-Japanese War
China retaliates against the territorial expansion and influence of Japan into China. In response to the war and the threat of Japan, the United States reaffirms its stance of the Open Door policy. -
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Chinese Civil War
After the end to World War II and the second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese nationalists and communists fight over control of China, with the communists under Mao Zedong winning control. The Open Door policy becomes meaningless after the special privileges granted to foreigners end.
