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In Germany, around 1440, Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press, which started the Printing Revolution.Gutenberg's newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. His two inventions, the hand mould and the movable-type printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents in Europe, particularly for shorter print runs.
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1452-1519
Leonardo da Vinci was a Florentine polymath of the Italian Renaissance. He was at the same time a painter, anatomist, architect, paleontologist,botanist, writer, sculptor, philosopher, engineer, inventor, musician, poet and urban planner. Frequently described as a humanist philosopher whose infinite curiosity can only be matched by his inventive capacity.Leonardo da Vinci is considered one of the greatest painters of all time.
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Constantinople was conquest by the Ottoman Empire.The fall of the city removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion.
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The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, they were second cousins. Their marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.The Catholic Monarchs were the last effective representatives of Trastámara Dynasty in the kingdom of Aragon and Castile.
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1475-1564
Michelangelo known in Spanish as Miguel Ángel, was an Italian Renaissance architect, sculptor, painter and poet, considered one of the greatest artists in history both for his sculptures as for his paintings and architectural work.He developed his artistic work over more than seventy years between Florence and Rome, which was where his great patrons lived, the Medici family of Florence and the different Roman popes.
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The navigator Christopher Columbus, sailed westward from Spain in hopes of finding a new sea route to South and Southeast Asia. Despite initially believing he had reached Asia, Columbus soon realised that he had happened upon what we nowadays call America. Whilst this was not the aim of his voyage, this discovery served to bring far greater benefits to not only Spain,but also the rest of Europe and the wider world.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 1494, and authenticated in Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile).The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile, modifying an earlier division proposed by Pope Alexander VI. The treaty was signed by Spain, 2 July 1494, and by Portugal, 5 September 1494.
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Juana I of Castilla, called "la Loca" was queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, and of Aragon and Navarre, from 1516 to 1555, although since 1506 she did not exercise any effective power and from 1509 she lived locked up in Tordesillas. In 1496, he married her third cousin Philip the Fair and they had 6 children.
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1509-1564
John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation.
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The 95 Theses was a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg which was controlled by the Electorate of Saxony. At the time, he was considered the youngest member of the theological faculty at the university which was still known for its medieval theology.
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Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire, called "Cesar", reigned together with his mother, Juana I of Castile until 1555, in all the Hispanic kingdoms and territories with the name of Carlos I from 1516 to 1556.He was Holy Roman Emperor as Carlos V from 1520 to 1558.
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The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the English monarchs as the head of the Church of Ireland. The 1534 Act declared King Henry VIII and his successors as the Supreme Head of the Church, replacing the pope.
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1545-1563
The Council of Trent was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.The Council issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by proponents of Protestantism, and also issued key statements and clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings, including scripture, the biblical canon, the sacraments, the veneration of saints, etc.
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Philip II of Spain, called "el Prudente" , was King of Spain from 1556 until his death; from Naples and Sicily from 1554; and from Portugal and the Algarves like Philip I since 1580, achieving a dynastic union that lasted sixty years. He was the son and heir of Carlos I of Spain and Isabel of Portugal.
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Philip III of Spain, called "el Piadoso", was King of Spain and Portugal from 1598 until his death.
He was the son of Philip II and Anne of Austria. In 1599, he married Archduchess Margarita of Austria-Styria in the Cathedral of Santa María in Valencia.
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1599-1660
Diego Velázquez was a Spanish Baroque painter considered one of the greatest exponents of Spanish painting and a master of art.He spent his early years in Seville, where he developed a naturalistic style of gloomy lighting. At the age of 24, he moved to Madrid, where he was appointed King Philip IV's painter and four years later he was promoted to chamber painter, the most important position among court painters.
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Philip IV of Spain, called "the Great" or "the Planet King", was King of Spain from 1621 until his death, and of Portugal from the same date until 1640. His reign of 44 years and 170 days was the longest of the house of Austria and the third in Spanish history, being surpassed only by Felipe V and Alfonso XIII, although the first sixteen years of the latter's reign were under regency.
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Carlos II of Spain, called "El Hechizado", was King of Spain between 1665 and 1700. He was son and heir of Felipe IV and Mariana of Austria.He hadn´t a normal appearance and had serious health problems, with symptoms such as weak muscles and infertility caused by genetic disorders. All of this led to a serious conflict succession, when dying without descendants and thus extinguishing the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs.
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1701-1715
The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict. The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters, among them Spain, Austria, France, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Great Britain.
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1789-1799
The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while the values and institutions it created remain central to French political discourse.Its causes are generally a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancient Regime proved unable to manage.
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