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Harvard
Approves music as a curricular subject -
William Nixon instructs private piano lessons in Cincinnati
Nixon also pleaded for school music. Taught a specific way of holding hands at the piano developed by Logier. actually 1834
Mark 316 -
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U.S. Music Ed
When it got until school, to what it looks like now -
National Peace Jubilee instrumental event.
Patrick Gilmore (1829-1892) set up event at the end of the Civil War (talk about community building). Orchestra of 1000 performed and a chorus of 10,000. Included canons and ringing of every church bell in Boston. Mark p.297 -
Theodore Thomas instrumental musician
Believed in being as good as European orchestras.
Toured with the Theodore Thomas Orchestra all over. Huge demonstration effect. President of the College of Music in Cincinnati. Conductor for the New York Philharmonic Society and the Chicago Symphony (1905) Mark p.296 -
International Peace Jubilee instrumental music
Patrick Gilmore returns to Boston for an 18 day celebration for the end of the Franco-Prussian War. Tons of bands from Europe and America. Orchestra of 2k, chorus of 20k. 100 anvils. All of the city bells. People said this is just too much. Johann Strauss conducted "Blue Danube Waltz." -
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Calvin Cady uses piano to teach fundamentals at post-secondary level
At Oberlin and U of Michigan. Small group lessons. -
Patrick Gilmore dies on tour
Gilmore was with the 22nd Regiment band. Booked for St. Louis Exposition. Advocate for bands in America.
Mark p.298 -
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Sousa as Leader of President's Own Marine Band
Creating that nostalgia and that air of sophistication and musical/national pride with bands -
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Sousa Band Tours Everywhere
Becomes ambassador for American Band Music.
Stars and Stripes Forever
Washington Post March
150 marches -
Sousa (1854-1932) bandmaster and tourer
Sousa composed, directed, toured America and the world with his band. Built off of Patrick Gilmore's work. Standards of perfection for amateur and professional bands. Marches were sold to over 18,000 bands in 1898. Mark. p 298
Keene p.316 -
Orchestras in Schools
Nathan Hale School in New London CN created a grammar school Orchestra. Wichita Kansas orchestra. Mark p311 -
Purdue forms College Band
Followed by University of Wisconsin in 1897
St. Olaf 1902
Baylor 1906 Keene p.317 -
Mechanical Piano in classrooms
Technological fire. -
Frank Damrosch and NY Phil do Young People Concerts
Walter and Frank Damrosch are not the same. Both are Carnegie Hall legends. -
America Has Needs Met
Leaders in Steel, Oil and Agriculture. Telephones, Electricity, Light are readily available. -
Frances Elliott Clark phonograph exposure
Taught Music History appreciation lessons within her classroom free 20th century. This is when she was introduced to the phonograph and a recording of "All through the Night", a song which she had been teaching in her own classroom -
Leo Lewis suggests high school music curriculum be equal to other subjects
Lewis of Tufts College reported to the NEA Dept. of Music Ed. Suggested four years of music in high school. One hour, four days a week and in addition, one hour of choral music. This would put music on a par with other disciplines -
Bands, Trolley Lines, Amusement Parks
The parks had a natural audience that liked dance music (fox-trot, Charleston, jitterbug) and bands hung out and played there to serve the audience. In 1905, Orange Lake Park drew 300,000 visitors in four months. Exposure to instrumental music. Highly profitable to the owners. Started to expire because of Ford's mass-production of cars and the decay of trolley car. 1,500 trolley parks in 1919, only 400 in 1929. Mark. p.301-303 -
Marching Band at U of Illinois
Founded by A. Harding. Began Marching Band Movement that promoted high quality music and showmanship. Formed words with band members on field. This higher level of showmanship inspired high schools and colleges to use marching bands to build public relations tool. Marching band as a selling point of music education program. Mark 316 -
Plan of Study for Music Teachers reported
Took a while to write this report over 3 years. Tapper authored the report as well as contributions from several others. Requirements of school music educators.- Literary qualification at least equal to those of high school grads.
- Musical qualification to include proficiency on instrument or as a singer, knowledge of theory, music history, and conducting.
- Familiarty with school music textbooks and courses of Study.
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MENC
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Charles Farnsworth brings European ed. practices to US
Columbia University fella. Studied European Music ed practices from Switzerland, Germany, France and England. Dalcroze was brought into American Music this way. Class instrumental Music at Maidstone in England was observed. Smaller groups of like instruments. -
Otto Messier and Will Earhart homogeneous private lessons.
Indiana school teacher. Provided private lessons to every student. Mark 314 -
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Gherkins paves way for teacher training
Started music teacher training program at Oberlin 1908. Spoke at meeting in 1915 "Training the Music Supervisor" Chaired a panel at MSNC in 1918 "Normal Schools and Other Training Schools" Four year program at Oberlin and shared the report at the 1921 MSNC meeting. Became the nature of teacher preparation up to the present.
Mark 322 -
Will Earhart and Birge created music appreciation Book
Pittsburgh schools. Collaboration with young people's concerts. Four Books "Master Musicians" that grew music appreciation. -
Frances Elliott Clark and Victrola
Presented at the MSNC (MENC) convention in Detroit. -
Music Teacher Education Texts, incomplete, how to deal with monotones
Small, but claimed to be complete. Cogswell wrote "How to Teach Music in Public Schools: A Complete Outline; Graded, Un-Graded, High and Normal Schools." 8 grades, goals, methods. It was sixty pages. Included, "Monotones, must not be permitted to sing with the class. Encourage, never tell a child he is a monotone, this is a serious mistake. Never cease trying to help the non-singing pupil. Often the change comes suddenly. Mark. 324-325 -
MENC
President Birge of MSNC, later to be known as MENC Awards credit for high school instrumental music -
Frances Elliot Clark works for Victor
Sets up her own department, Education Department for the Victor Talking Machine Company. Supervised preparation of recordings to be used in the classroom. Also used to correlate music and English Literature. Assisted dealers in selling Victrolas to schools. Wrote instructional booklets to help music educators.
Those books were psychologically aware of sensory development stages of children. Mark p296 -
Mitchell brings small group instruction from Maidstone to Boston.
Improving skills through small group lessons of like instruments. Wrote method books to improve skills outside of class "Violin Class Method" and expanded for cello, cornet, trombone and clarinet. Developed a shoulder rest for violinists!! Mark. 313 -
F. Melius Christiansen forms St. Olaf choir
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Cincinnati champions early orchestra
Lower schools had 8 orchestras! Seven elementary orchestras. Played for conventions. Difficult repertoire from Tchaik and Mozart Mark 315 -
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World War I
Increase in military bands -
Music Memory Contest and Mabel Bray
In New Jersey. Spin-off of spelling bee competition Mark.319 -
Edgar B Gordon, stadewide music radio program
In Wisconsin. Mark p294 -
Music Ed in High Schools Questionnaire
Chorus singing was almost universal.
Orchestras were becoming more important.
Courses in harmony and appreciation were more common. Credit for private study outside of high school was given by 116 out of 359 schools in 36 states. Keene 272. -
Joseph Maddy supervisor of instrumental music, Rochester NY
Rochester New York. Worked with Goerge Eastman to bring instruments to the Rochester Public Schools. Encouraged Cincinnati and Oakland to begin instrumental music programs in the 20's -
Military Bands in World War I, influx of musicians
When the musicians came home, many became music teachers.
Others played for movie theatre orchestras for silent movies.
Vaudeville theaters and dance bands (dance bands were replacing concert bands). Dance bands=pop. Concert Band=elite. Mark. p.304 -
Band tournaments and competitions
Bands sprung up in communities and wanted to compare themselves to each other. Bands were representatives of communities, and the schools wanted to have the same representations which added a reason to include instrumental music within the schools. End of WWI and the change of lifestyles (less trolley parks, professional bands) also decreases the sale of instruments. Instrument manufacturers strive to find new area to sell. Schools. Mark p.306 -
Frances Elliot Clark radio advocate
Clark became advocate for more technology with the radio. -
Edith Rhetts Victor Co.
Victor Co. published Rhetts "Music Appreciation for Little Children" that taught about the fundamental principles of music appreciation.- help ll children to experience and love music
- Provide opportunities for quiet listening
- Not confuse knowledge about music history and biography with music appreciation
- Evaluate the music appreciation program by observing children.
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Joe Maddy performs at MENC meeting
Prompts MENC to appoint members to the Committee on Instrumental Affairs. Focusing on starting more bands in schools. Found out there were pockets of instrumentalists in L.A., Detroit, Oakland CA, Grand Forks ND, and others that were scattered. -
New York Phil broadcast draws millions
One of the first live broadcasts of music. p.304 -
High School Orchestra at MSNC program
Richmond High school Orchestra built by Will Earhart in Indiana in 1898 had high standards. Joe Maddy continued those standards and brought them to the MSNC program. Inspired many to establish high school Orchestra Programs. Mark. p311 -
Earhart advocates for music in schools
1922 Will Earhart believed that music instruction helped student be a better person, and improved attitude towards other study. Personal attention? Know the student to help the student? "Don't fit the pupil into a musical life, but to fit music into the pupil's life." Mark.314 -
Gherkins curriculum for Music Teachers
General Education, Professional Education (as an educator, I'm guessing), and music. Half of the curriculum was applied and theoretical music. MSNC left specifics of requirements open to institutions Mark. 323 -
Chicago Tournament during convention of Music Trades
30 bands, one judge. Spectacle, competition, and music instrument manufacturers are all key players in the production of this event. Mark. 305 -
Bessie Smith records "Down-Hearted Blues" "St. Louis Blues"
Sells 750k copies. Introduction of Blues to recordings. Louis Armstrong wrote St. Louis Blues and performed with Bessie. Mark. p.305 -
Maddy and Heterogenous Class Teaching
Method Books that gave all instruments melodies to play and improve their skills. Teaching several instruments in the same class. -
Music Instrument Manufacturers Code of Ethics
We are going to make money. No Discounts. Pushed for instrumental music in all schools to make that money. Mark p.301 -
Innes takes Boy Scout Band to London
He felt really good about himself and his band. He believed that it was responsible for the band movement. Improved their skills to win the international competition only eight and a half months after picking up instruments. Mark. p315 -
Alice Keith and D.C. Boyle: radio pioneers
Keith (Cleveland schools) wrote a course "Listening in on the Masters" a music appreciation course to be used with radio and records. Super cool. Music can be heard AND STUDIED outside of school. -
William Revelli as a catalyst for the spread of instrumental music
Hobart, Indiana. Grew a vocal program in elementary and high school. Began instrumental program with no budget or time. Made them sound amaaaaazing. Community could brag about them. During the Great Depression, it was nice to have something to brag about or become better at. Became semi-cultish. 1st place at National Contest. Five years in a row. Boom. Other communities were inspired to have the same kind of musical pride and tradition. Mark. 310 -
MENC band competition
Inspired by Chicago 1923 competition. Manufacturers recommended that educators run it (so more schools would wanna do it and buy instruments perhaps?) Repertoire list chosen in 1924 by MENC. Regional winners, state winners had to be judged in order to have national competition in 1926 "A good school band can add more than perhaps anything else to prestige of its school and town" -National Bureau for the Advancement of Music to promote the competition. Mark. 307 -
National High School Orchestra w/ Joe Maddy
Maddy created it for the meeting of MSNC. 236 high school musicians from 30 states out of 800 applicants. How bout that for culture building, demonstration effect and excellence in performance. Mark. p311 -
Walter Damrosch radio broadcast on NBC
Used "In the Hall of the Mountain King" "Sorcerer's Apprentice" and others to teach millions of school children nationwide. Friday mornings on NBC radio. -
Instrumental Music in Film Soundtracks
"Lights of the City" premiered in New York as the first film with sound. With the creation of soundtracks, the theatre musicians needed new work. -
National Orchestra continued success and Interlochen Maddy
Still a hit at the conventions in Dallas and Chicago. Inspires more educators to include instrumental music in the curriculum. Maddy opens Interlochen as a summer camp in Michigan. Excellence and Competition become pillars at the camp which attracts world class faculty and musicians. Mark. 312 -
Flint High School A Capella destroys MENC meeting
a cappella group that dropped jaws and made vocal ensembles as cool as instrumental ones in schools. -
National Association of Schools of Music accredit collegiate programs which expect a lot, give less, cost more
This is why we need to take a million courses to be music teachers. Mandated courses on top of music courses on top of general classes on top of education classes. Requirements for music ed. majors were 15% higher. Cost is 111% greater for music ed. majors too. And music teachers are paid the same, bummer. Mark 323-324 -
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Great Depression
Big troubles. But how do we hold on to community and hope and happiness? Bands and music. Production and economy took ten years to regain the level that it was at in 1929. -
National Orchestra Contest
In Iowa City, orchestras. More and more folks playing instruments in order to compete and represent community. Mark. 308 -
Marguerite Hood, Montana, Radio
Advocated three radio programs for music appreciation. Damrosch's program, Alice in Orchestralia, and Standard Symphony Hour. -
Musical Discrimination Contests
Walter Damrosch played ten selections over NBC radio, and the winners won scholarships. Listeners had to suggest: Composer, style, form, solo instruments, name the piece of music. Winners were from National High School Orchestra and Chorus. Mark p.320 -
Elizabeth Beach radio concerts on CBS
Thousands of students from elementary, high schools and normal school. Began with 40 boys, and grew that number to 700. -
Instrumental Competition Standards change
Competitions sparked controversy
How were they judged?
Who judged them?
Why one winner and so many losers? So we change to rating instead of Ranking. -
MENC created through different organizations, also creating state music organizations
National School Band Association expanded to National School Band and Orchestra Association, to the National School Band, Orchestra and Vocal Association. 1929 1932, the organization divided into two groups, then in 1936 Vocal Association was formed. These three all began separate auxiliaries of MENC, renamed from Music Supervisors National Conference. MENC gave impetus to STATE organizations. Mark. 308