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The Sasanid Empire was the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, succeeding the Parthian Empire. It is considered to be Persia/Iran's most important and influential periods; it influenced Roman civilization, India, China, Africa, and western Europe. It encompassed Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, the Caucasus, Turkey, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula, India, and Pakistan.
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The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization known for its writing, art,architecture, math, and astronomy. Theyhad a city centered empire with many independent city-states and were agriculturally intensive and involved in long distance trade. Their most notable monuments are the stepped pyramids.
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The Byzantine Empire was an eastern Roman Empire with one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe. Its capital was Constantinople and was ruled by emperors in succession to the ancient Roman emperors after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
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Capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
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Islam began with Prophet Muhammad spreading his revelations from Allah to the people of Makkah.
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The split occured after the death of Prophet Muhammad, It began with a fight over who should be the new leader.
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Second of the four major Arab caliphates, with capital at Damascus. The empire ruled from Spain to India and was eventually overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. It was marked by territorial expansion and administrative and cultural problems that the expansion created.
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Conquest began with an invasion by an army of Berber Northwest Africans. Disembarked at Gibralter and went northward. After decisive batte, the Visigothic Kingdom collapses and muslims took over.
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Ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, capital located in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. Flourished for two centuries, but slowly declined with the rise to power of the Mamluks. Included the Islamic Golden Age
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They were a Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East. Ruled the Great Seljuq Empire. Played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition. Remembered for their art, literature, and language.
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns launched by Christians against the Muslims of the Middle East to restore Christian control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land.
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Kurdish Muslim, became the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. Led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant, ruled over Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, and Yemen. Most notable for leading the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recapturing Palestine from the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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Became the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, Had an intricate social structure which included nobility. known for architecture, developed methods of farming on mountain terrain, had superior bronze weapons.
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Mongol Empire emerged by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. The territorial gains of Mongols continued into Persia, Russia and India.
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Founder of the Mongol Empire, began the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia, promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes of northeast As.
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The term used to cover five short-lived Islamic kingdoms of Turkic origin in India: Mamluk dynasty, Khilji dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty, Sayyid dynasty, Lodi dynasty. Period of Indian cultural renaissance.
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"Great Charter". It set down rights which became part of English law and are now the foundation of the constitution of all countries which speak English. Did not grant any new rights, but protected existing rights such as protection of private property, reasonable limits on taxes, and religious freedom. Significant influence on constitutional law.
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West African Empire, founded by Sundiata Keita, known for its wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. Had many cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along Niger River.
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Controlled by Mamluks: soldiers of slave origin. They ruled Egypt and famously beat back the Mongols and fought the Crusaders.
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The cultural movement in Europe that encompassed the resurgence of learning and widespread education reforms. It's well known for its intellectual pursuits, social and political upheavals, and artistic developments.
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He was the king of the Malian Empire, most known for his pilgramage to Mecca and his promotion of unity and prosperity in Mali.
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Controlled the valley of Mexico and much of central America, capital city at Tenochtitlan. Human sacrifices, architectural advancements, maize cultivation, calendar,
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The Hundred Years War was a conflict between England and France. Conflict started because England wanted to rule France again, but France did not want England to expand their power.
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State located in western Africa. One of the largest Islamic empires in history. Thriving cultural and commercial center at its peak. Its capital was Gao.
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Succeeded the Mongols. Also known as one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history. Consisted of a vast navy and army, recontruction of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall, and the establishment of the Forbidden City. The Ming rulers restored traditional institutions, which the Mongols had suspended.
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Turkic-speaking Mongol who conquered Central Asia and built a capital in Samarqand. Founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty. Wanted to restore Mongol empire.
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Zheng He led seven expeditions to Indian Ocean and brought back many treasures for China. Went to Arabia, Brunei, East Africa, India, Malay Archipelago and Thailand. Gave gifts of gold, silver, porcelain and silk. In return, he got ostriches, ivory, giraffes, etc.
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Invented by Johannes Gutenberg. He discovered the concept of movable type printing which facilitated the printing press itself.
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also known as Ivan the Great, referred to as the gatherer of the Russian lands, he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. One of the longest-reigning Russian rulers
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Charlemagne founded Carolingian Empire, which was divided in 843. The Holy Roman Empire resulted from the eastern portion of this division. Its territory expanded the Eider River in to the Mediterranean coast in the south. The German king was crowned Holy Roman Emperor of these regions in 962.
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It was an imperial Chinese dynasty that unified China in the 6th century. It included the reunification of Southern and Northern China, construction of the Grand Canal, and expanding of the Great Wall. Reforms include the Equal-field system.
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Imperial dynasty of China, most populous city in the world at their time, regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization. Able to raise professional and conscropted armies to contend nomadic power. Cultural influence to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Included development of woodblock printing, Buddhism has a major religion, civil service system, and flourishing chinese culture.
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Had the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. It was also the first dynasty to use gunpowder and use north in a compass. Was divided into two distinct periods: Northern Song and Southern Song. Followed by the Yuan Dynasty.
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Located in southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. Grew rich from trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. Consisted of large urban cities and territorial expansion.
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medieval Slavic state centered around city of Kiev, included most of present-day Ukraine and Belarus and part of northwest Russia. Kievan power and influence grew steadily through the 10-11th century, but later weakened by internal disputes and fell to the Mongols.
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King of Franks and Emperor of the Romans. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that encompassed Western and Central Europe. He conquered Italy and helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages.
