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Central American civilization who refined writing and the calendar.
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A Persian dynasty rivalling the Roman and Byzantine Empires. Considered one of the most important eras of what is now Iran.
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The Greek part of the Roman Empire, after Rome split. The empire went though a decline and a revitalization before the Constantinople was finally captured by the Turks.
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The capital of Rome, Byzantine, the Latin Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Fought over by Christians and Muslims in the Crusades. It ended up being renamed Istanbul.
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Muhammad, a trader by, um, trade, is seen as having been the last prophet of God.
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The religious schism in the Muslim faith over the succession of the right to lead. Shi'ites do not acknowledge the right of the Umayyad caliphs to rule, whereas Sunnis do.
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Period in which Muslims take control of Spain and advance to India, but fail to take Constantinople in two attacks.
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After the Roman Empire fell, Muslims moved in and took over. After a while, King Phillip II made Islam illegal.
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Ruled the Franks. He put an emphasis on education and showed support for the church.
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(ended twice, sort of)
Reasonably tolerant; diverse population. -
Adopted the Mohammedan region, formed Seljuk Empire. Defeated Byzantine emperor at the Battle of Manzikert, and captured Jerusalem, which led to the First Crusade. Overthrown by Othman, who later formed the Ottoman Empire.
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Holy wars declared by Pope Urban II against the Muslims in an effort to reclaim Palestine and Jerusalem. Resulted in increased cultural diffusion and the development of the High Middle Ages (demand for new goods increased with trade).
First Crusade 1095–1099
Second Crusade 1147–1149
Third Crusade 1187–1192
Fourth Crusade 1202–1204
Albigensian Crusade 1209
Children's Crusade 1212
Fifth Crusade 1217–1221
Sixth Crusade 1228–1229
Seventh Crusade 1248–1254
Eighth Crusade 1270
Ninth Crusade 1271–1272 -
Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. Led Islamic resistance against the European Crusaders. Recaptured Palestine.
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Prominent Mongol warrior who brought tribes together and built an Empire based on military prowess.
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An empire in modern-day Peru. Military comprised of conquered peoples forced to fight.
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The efforts of Genghis Khan led the Mongols to create an Empire consisting of Russia, China, and most of the land in between.
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Period in India in which Muslims ruled. However, it was a time of relative peace, even for the Hindu citizens.
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A document used to limit the English king's power and protect the rights of the elite.
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Another African power. Involved in Trans-Saharan trade.
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A slave dynasty in Egypt who stopped the Mongols' movement in that region.
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"Rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture in the arts and intellectual pursuits.
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Civiliation in central Mexico. Polytheists. The last great Mesoamerican culture before the Europeans arrived.
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King of Mali who made an extravagant journey to Mecca and built mosques everywhere.
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Turkic conquerer of Western, South, and Central Asia and founder of the Timurid Empire. Sought to restor the Mongol Empire.
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A war between Britain and France over who had claim to the French throne. France suffered because the majority of the battles happened within its borders.
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Came immediately after the Mongols and wanted to get rid of all signs of Mongol rule. Strict government, reestablishment of civil service exams, and the demand of tribute from surrounding states.
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Eunuch admiral who led seven exploratory voyages for the Ming Empire. Established tributaries in Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast. Ming emperors abruptly pulled funding and destroyed his nautical charts and such.
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An early printing press that made use of movable type. He used an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony to make the letter blocks, which made them durable enough to produce much higher quality prints than were common for the time.
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Ruler who greatly extended Russian territory, ended tribute payments to the Mongols, and married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, thus making possible claim to the Byzantine succession.
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Another African power involved in Trans-Saharan trade.
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Came into existence when Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king, Charlemagne. Theoretically, it included all of Christianity, but it actually consisted of little more than Italy and Germany.
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Dynasty that reunited China and saw the construction of the Grand Canal.
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Came after Sui Empire. Civil service examinations.
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Followed Tang Empire. Focus on civil service exams based on Confucian philosophy, industry, education, and the arts. Came close to having an industrial revolution.
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Christian period in Russia, led by Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kiev. It was ended when Mongols destroyed Kiev.
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Trans-Saharan trade made it prosperous: traded gold, ivory, slaves. Islam spread to Ghana through trade routes.