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English, Dutch and Austrians sign the Treaty of the Grand Alliance
The expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France were threatening to overturn the balance of power in Europe, and his attempts to bring about a future union of the Spanish and French crowns caused the English, Dutch and Austrians to ally against him. The so-called 'War of the Spanish Succession' began the following year.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/civilwars_timeline_noflash.html)
https://brewminate.com/the-grand-alliances-of-early-modern-europe/ -
Union of England and Scotland
Establishes the United Kingdom of Great Britain. With only minor amendments the Scottish Parliament passed the treaty in January 1707, and the English passed it soon after. The royal assent was given on March 6, and the union went into effect on May 1, 1707.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Act-of-Union-Great-Britain-1707)
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Act-of-Union/ -
Treaty of Utrecht ends a decade of war in Europe
The English and their Dutch allies came to terms with France at the Treaty of Utrecht, ending ten years of warfare. Many long-standing problems were resolved by the treaty. In particular, the French agreed to abandon their support for the dynastic claims of James II's son, James, to the throne of Great Britain.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/civilwars_timeline_noflash.shtml)
http://montrealrampage.com/1713-the-treaty-of-utrecht-other-quebec-curios/ -
The Flying Shuttle
A machine that represented an important step toward automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733. In previous looms, the shuttle was thrown, or passed, through the threads by hand, and wide fabrics required two weavers seated side by side passing the shuttle between them.
(https://www.britannica.com/technology/flying-shuttle)
https://sciencing.com/description-of-a-flying-shuttle-12556508.html -
English Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steamships and railroads, that affected social, cultural and economic conditions.
https://learnodo-newtonic.com/industrial-revolution-facts
(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp) -
James Watt’s revision to the steam engine
In 1769 James Watt revised the original steam engine that came out in 1698. Watt’s steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of a separate condenser. It was a vacuum or "atmospheric" engine using steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to create a partial vacuum beneath the piston.
(https://interestingengineering.com/james-watt-father-of-the-modern-steam-engine)
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Watt -
Suppression of the Jesuits
During the eighteenth century, and influenced by the secularist Enlightenment movement, Portugal, Spain, France and Austria were maturing as nation states and were rejecting papal influence. The Jesuits were seen to represent all that these states disliked about papal interference in temporal affairs
(http://www.jesuit.org.uk/suppression-and-restoration-jesuits)
http://sites.jcu.edu/jesuit/ -
Wealth of Nations
An important work of economic and social theory by Adam Smith, published in 1776. Its full title was Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In it he analysed the relationship between work and the production of a nation's wealth.
(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/the-wealth-of-nations)
https://universityofglasgowlibrary.wordpress.com/2013/02/05/special-collections-enriched-by-wealth-of-nations/ -
French Revolution
During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.
(https://www.history.com/topics/france/french-revolution)
https://www.history.com/topics/france/french-revolution -
Combination Acts
British acts of 1799 and 1800 that made trade unionism illegal. Those who unionized were sentenced to three months in jail or to two months’ hard labour any working man who combined with another to gain an increase in wages or a decrease in hours or who solicited anyone else to leave work or objected to working with any other workman.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Combination-Acts)
https://spartacus-educational.com/Lcombination.htm
