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Documents of the period, including those relating to a 1439 lawsuit in connection with Gutenberg’s activities at Strassburg, leave scarcely any doubt that the press has been used since the beginning of printing.Perhaps the printing press was first just a simple adaptation of the binding press, with a fixed, level lower surface (the bed) and a movable, level upper surface (the platen), moved vertically by means of a small bar on a worm screw.
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Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was a Florentine polymath of the Italian Renaissance. He was at once a painter, anatomist, architect, paleontologist, botanist, writer, sculptor, philosopher, engineer, inventor, musician, poet and urban planner. His first important works were in Milan but then he had works in Rome, Bologna and Venice, and he spent his last years in France, at the invitation of King Francis I.
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Although the city endured many attacks, prolonged sieges, internal rebellions, and even a period of occupation in 13th-century , its legendary defenses could not ressist the attacks although they were one of most formidable in both the ancient and medieval world. It cound not resist the powerful artillery of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, and on Tuesday 29 of May (1453) the jewel and fortress of Christianity, was conquere destroyed and looted.
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Catholic Kings Fernando II of Aragón and Isabella I of Castilla, whose marriage (1469) led to the unification of Spain, of which they were the first monarchs.The appellation Católicos was formally conferred on them in recognition of their reconquest of Granada from the Moors (1492),discovery of América (1492), and their strengthening of the church by such agencies as the Spanish Inquisition (1492).
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Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475–18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect,and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his works waere inspired by models from classical antiquity and had a lasting influence on Western art., Michelangelo is one of the best-documented artists of the 16th century. He was lauded by contemporary biographers as the most accomplished artist of his era.
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The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did.Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas (In 12 of october of 1492).His journeys marked the beginning of centuries of exploration and colonization of North and South America.
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Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494) Agreement between Spain and Portugal intended to resolve conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by any traveler of the late 15th century. Spain was granted exclusive rights to all newly discovered and undiscovered lands in the region west of the line. While the Portuguese expeditions would have to remain in the eastern region of the line.
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Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, during which time Spain became a world power, who never actually ruled due to her own mental instability. Born on the 6 of november in 1479, in Toledo (Spain) and died in Tordesillas on April 11 or 12 (1555) second daughter and third child of Isabella I (Queen of Castile) and Ferdinand II, (king of Aragon) She married Philip I the Fair also known as Philip the Handsome (1478–1506)
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John Calvin (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation.
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The Ninety-five Theses (German: Fünfundneunzig Thesen) or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (Disputation über die Macht und Wirksamkeit des Ablasses) was a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg which was controlled by the Electorate of Saxony.
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Charles V was the name of Charles of Habsburg as Holy Roman Emperor. As King of Spain, a position he held between 1517 and 1556, he received the name of Charles I. He inherited from his parents the kingdoms of Aragon, Navarre and Castile with their Spanish-American possessions, the County of Flanders, the Netherlands and Austria, as well as the right to be elected Holy Roman Emperor.
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In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, a statute recognizing King Henry VIII as supreme head of the church in England. Henry VIII formally accepted the title the following year, and the nobility were required to swear the Oath of Supremacy, recognizing the King as head of the church. Catholics, most famously Sir Thomas More refused to swear this oath, and was indicted for treason on charges of praemunire.
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Council of Trent, 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563. Prompted by the Reformation, the Council of Trent responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestants.It thus represents the official adjudication of many questions about which there had been continuing ambiguity throughout the early church and the Middle Ages.
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Philip II, (May 21 on 1527 in Valladolid-September 13 on 1598 in El Escorial) King of the Spaniards (1556–98) And king of the Portuguese as Philip I (1580–1598) Champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (1566) and lost the “Invincible Armada” in the attempted invasion of England (1588).
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Philip III (14 April 1578–31 March 1621) King of Spain and Portugal whose reign (1598–1621) was characterized by a successful peaceful foreign policy in western Europe and internally by the expulsion of the Moriscos. He was though as pious, benevolent, and highly virtuous in private conduct, Philip, after he became king (September 13, 1598), showed himself to be indolent and indifferent to his responsibilities.
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Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (June 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660) Was a Spanish Baroque painter considered one of the greatest exponents of Spanish painting and master of universal painting. In his beginnings in Seville he developed a naturalistic style of tenebrist lighting influenced by Caravaggio. At the age of 24 he moved to Madrid, where he was appointed painter to King Philip IV and four years after he was promoted to chamber painter.
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Philip IV ("the Great" or "the Planet King" ) From 8 April 1605 to 17 September 1665) He was King of Spain fand of Portugal. His reign of 44 years and 170 days was the longest in the house of Austria and the third in Spanish history, being surpassed only by Philip V and Alfonso XIII. Spain was in decline and ended with Hispanic Monarchy that had to be ceded to Louis XIV (France) and had to recognize independence from Portugal and the United Provinces.
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Charles II,named Charles the Mad or Carlos El Hechizado, (November 6 of 1661-November 1 of 1700) King of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. The resistance to the French imperialism of Louis XIV, ended with the peace of Rijswijk in 1697.
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War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) Conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless Charles II. The spanish crown should pass to the House of Bourbon or to the House of Habsburg, both of which had dynastic claims, or whether they should be partitioned to preserve the balance of power in Europe.
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The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799.Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures being implemented by the Assembly.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmWc5BIhZHY