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During the Fall of the Roman Empire the Germanic leader Odoacer laid siege to Rome. He overthrew the Western Roman Emperor and made himself King of Italy. -
The Early Middle Ages began with the fall of Rome.
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Emperor Kammu's reign from 781 to 806 was a period of significant reform and expansion, marked by the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto) and a restructuring of the government to reduce costs and corruption.
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Japan's capital moved to Kyoto in 794 CE, when Emperor Kanmu relocated the imperial court from Nara to Heian-kyō (now Kyoto) to escape the influence of Buddhist monks. Kyoto served as the capital for over a thousand years, until 1868, when the imperial court moved to Tokyo, making it the new political capital. -
In 794 the Emperor Kammu moved the imperial capital from Nara to Heian-kyo, now known as Kyoto. This signified the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185CE). During this time, many of the foundations of Japan’s development were laid. Japanese society broke away from the strong influences of, and connections with China. Japanese art and culture began to flourish.
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Charlemagne was crowned the "Emperor of Romans" by Pope Leo III, restoring the Roman Empire in the West. -
By about 1000 CE, Europe as we know it today had begun to take shape. Norman Conquest led by William the Conqueror in 1066 CE led to the creation of France, England and Germany. During the High Middle Ages there was also a lot of fighting between Christian armies and the Islamic Empire over holy places such as Jerusalem. These wars are known as the Crusades
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The Battle of Hastings took place between the Norman Troops commanded by the Duke of Normandy and the Anglo-Saxon forces under King Harold Godwinson. -
The Battle of Manzikert sees the Seljuk Turks defeating the Byzantine Empire, leading to the loss of significant Byzantine territories in Anatolia. This weakened Byzantine control in the region, impacting the stability of the Holy Land. -
Pope Urban II delivers the speech at the Council of Clermont, calling for the First Crusade. This speech urged Christians to take up arms and reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
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The Second Crusade, led by European kings like Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, ends in disappointment with failed attempts to recapture territories lost to the Muslims.
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The Genpei War (1180–1185) was a civil war in Japan between the Minamoto and Taira clans that concluded the Heian period. The conflict solidified the power of the samurai class and resulted in the establishment of Japan's first military government, the Kamakura Shogunate, under Minamoto no Yoritomo.
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The Minamoto Shogunate began with Minamoto no Yoritomo defeating the rival Taira clan in the Genpei War (1180-1185). Following his victory, Yoritomo established the bakufu (military government) in Kamakura and became the first shogun in 1192, marking the beginning of samurai rule in Japan.
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Philip II of France, Richard I of England (The Lionheart) and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor lead the Third Crusade. They took back many territories from Saladin but failed to win back Jerusalem.
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End to growth and wealth. Famines and plagues killed millions of people such as the Black Death. The poor began revolt against unfair laws/conditions. This was a period of great civil unrest, but it was the beginning of strong interest in literature and the arts.
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Pope Innocent III declares the Fourth Crusade to take back Jerusalem.
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Started by a French child named Stephen of Cloyes. Tens of thousands of children gathered to march to the Holy Land. This ended in total disaster. None of the children made it to the Holy Land -
The Magna Carta was a special document that was sealed by King John after many negotiations with barons and their French and Scots allies at Surrey and Runnymede. -
Over the next several years there would be 5 more Crusades. None of them would be very successful in terms of gaining control of the Holy Land.
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The major attempted Mongol invasions were in 1274 and 1281 against Japan, led by Kublai Khan. -
The Mongol Empire attempted to invade Japan twice, in 1274 and 1281, under the command of Kublai Khan. Both invasions ultimately failed due to strong Japanese resistance, logistical issues, and devastating typhoons that decimated the Mongol fleets. These failed invasions are historically significant as they marked the limit of Mongol expansion and left a lasting impact on Japan's national identity and military policies.
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The term "Attempted Mongol Invasions" typically refers to Kublai Khan's two failed invasion attempts on Japan in 1274 and 1281, which were thwarted by fierce Japanese resistance and powerful typhoons, known as kamikaze (divine winds). -
The Ashikaga Shogunate ruled Japan from 1336 to 1573, a period known for both a flourishing culture and a decline in central authority, leading to the Sengoku period of civil war.
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The printing press was invented by a German goldsmith called Johan Gutenberg. For the first time it made it possible for men, women and children to have access to books. -
In 1534 King Henry VIII became head of the newly founded Church of England. At this time, it was a big shift in power dynamics of Europe as England being split from Rome was confirmed. -
The Tokugawa Shogunate, also known as the Edo period, was a period of rule in Japan from 1603 to 1867 characterized by over 250 years of peace, stability, and isolationist policies. During this time, the Tokugawa family, led by the shogun, held political power while the emperor remained a ceremonial figurehead