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Black codes was a term that allowed laws passed by the southern governments to restrict black people from voting, pressing charges on white citizens, sitting on juries, carrying weapons, and working in certain places.
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This allowed blac citizens the right to own their own land, sue, and gave them economic rights.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford was a decision by the U.S supreme court that stated that blacks, free or not, were not and could not be Americal Citizens. The ratification of the 14th amendment meant that blacks were guaranteed citizenship if they were born or naturlized in the U.S.
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Citizens of America believed that most rights of citizens should be determined by the state governments and not the federal government. States that were for segregation argued that their public school systems were issues for the states.
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This Act outlawed discrimination in hotels, movie theaters, and other public places.
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Because of the declaration that the 14th amendment did not prohibit discrimination in privately owned businesses, the Jim crow laws were adapted and segregation was back in full force. Blacks in the south began to have less of a presence in juries.
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Plessy v. Ferguson established "separate but equal" in 1896. This became a constitutional reason for segregation. Cumming v. Board of Education: The supreme court decided to close down a free black school because of litle moey. The district continued to operate two other white schools. The court decided that the district was not based on racial discrimination.
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The Supreme Court stated that Kentucky not allowing interacial classes at all of their schools was constitutional. A year later in 1909 the NAACP was founded.
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Charles Hamiliton Houston started to think of ways to challenge segregation in colleges.
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This ruling held that Lois Ada Sipuel could not be denied enrollment in a law school on the bases of race. The courts ruled that denial of enrollment of a state law school was unconstitutional.
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The courts ruled that the state of Texas failed to keep separate and equal education for students. "Separate but equal is inherently unequal."
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According to the courts "State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional." in may of 1955 the courts ordered that desegregation be ended with "all deliberate speed."
