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At one time in the history of Western philosophy, theories of higher reality were commonplace. The most influential of these was offered by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (48-348 BC), a student of the equally great philosopher Socrates. He held that moral values are objective in the sense that they exist in a spirit-like realm beyond subjective human conventions.
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Aristotle was born in 384/3 BC at Stageria in Thrace, and was the son of Nicomachus, physician of the Macedonian king, Amyntas II. The ethics of Aristotle is concerned with action, no as being right in itself irrespective of any other consideration, but with action as conducive to man's good. Aristotle argued that virtues are good habits that we acquire, which regulate our emotions.
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St. Augustine's ethic has this in common with what one might call the typical Greek ethic; that is, eudaemonistic in character, which proposes an end for human conduct, namely happiness; but this happiness is to be found only in God.
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The moral philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas involves a merger of at least two apparently disparate traditions: Aristotelian eudaimonism and Christian theology.
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Kantian Ethics emphasizes a single principle of duty. He agreed that we have moral duties to ourselves and others, such as developing one's talents and keeping our promises to others.
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He presented one of the earliest fully developed systems of utilitarianism. First, he proposed that we tally the consequences of each action we perform and thereby determine on a case-to-case basis whether an action is morally right or wrong. This aspect of Bentham's theory is known as act-utilitarianism. Second, Bentham also proposed that we tally the pleasure and pain which result from our actions. This aspect of Bentham's theory is known as hedonistic utilitarianism.
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Gawad Kalinga (GK) is now known largely because of
its success in mobilizing donors, volunteers, and the intended beneficiaries themselves in building beautiful and colorful houses in thousands of communities all over the country (Gawad Kalinga, 2014: Habaradas, 2013). More than building houses, though, GK has initiated self-sustaining programs that have improved the lives of more than 200,000 families (and counting) throughout the country since the mid-1990s.
