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Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development: Oral
Takes place from birth until age two. The infant's mouth is the main source for pleasure and is the main tool for exploration of the environment, hence why babies stick everything in their mouths. Every action is based on the pleasure principle. -
Birth
Child is born. -
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Pre-Conventional
These stages do not correspond with age. Anyone can reach any stage at any time as long as they have fully comprehended the prior stages. The first stage is characterized by judging the morality of an action based off the direct consequences. -
Piaget's Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor
This stage happens from the time the child is born until about the second year of life. The infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and seperation anxiety develop in this stage -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Trust vs. Mistrust
This stage lasts from birth till about 2 years of age. It focuses on the child's basic needs being met by it's parents. Depending on if the needs are fully met, this stage will either leave the child in a state of trust or mistrust. Developing mistrust can have a negative effect on the child's future by making them suspicious, withdrawn, or have a lack of confidence. -
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Infancy
The onset of infancy usual occurs around the 4th week for most babies and continues until they are about 2 years old. -
Disappearence of the Rooting Reflex
The rooting reflex disappears at around 4 months after birth. The purpose of this reflex is to assist in the act of breastfeeding. The infant will turn it's head toward anything that strokes it's cheek or mouth. -
Disappearnce of the Grasping Reflex
After about 5-6 months the baby will lose thier grasping reflex. This reflex causes them to close their hand around anything that brushes their palm. The grip is very tight and can usually support the babies own weight, but it can be unpredictable and release at any time. -
Disappearence of the Babinski Reflex
This reflex can disappear anywhere between the first and second years of life. This relfex causes the big to to point upward and the other toes to fan out when a stimulus occurs at the sole of the foot. If it does not disappear after two years it most likely indicates a brain or nervous system disorder. -
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development: Anal
This stage runs from about 18 months until the child is 3 years old. Toilet training is the key bahavior in this stage. This is a very influencable time in a child's life and requires the perfect balance of moderate parental demands. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Autonomy vs. Shame
This stage usually happens between ages 2-4 for most children. This stage is best characterized by the child begining to gain autonomy from parents to explore the world around them. They are constantly learning about their environment. If caregivers encourage self-sufficient behavior, they will develop a sense of autonomy. If the caregivers expect too much from their children, they may develop shame and lack confidence to do things on their own. -
Piaget's Cognitive Development: Preoperational Stage
The preoperational stage usually runs from ages 2 to 6. It is characterized by the child's use of symbols to represent objects and their ability ot pretend. They still cannot reason logically. During this stage the child is highly egocentric. -
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Childhood
Childhood can be different lengths for all invdiduals. It is the time period between infancy and adolescence in a person's life. -
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development: Phallic
Usually spans ages 3-6. Genetalia become the primary focus in this stage. It is characterized by exploration of their bodies and the bodies of others to learn the differences between male and females. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Initiative vs. Guilt
This stage generally lasts between the ages of 4 and 5. This is an important time in childhood. During this time the children learn to prepare for leadership and goal achievement roles. This means they will want to do things on their own. They will be frustrated and throw a fit when they take the intiative but do not see the results they wish for. If the adults in their lives dimiss their desire for independence, then children will feel guilty about any needs they may have later in life. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Industry vs. Inferiority
This stage usually will last from 5-12 for most children. Children work hard at being responsible and are now more reasonable to share and cooperate. They also want to prove their independence, and they may do so by talking back or being rebelious. Critical time for developing self-confidence. Children recognize their special skills and more of what interests them personally. If they cannot persue what interests them they develop low self-esteem and a lack of motivation. -
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development: Latency
This stage runs from age 6 until the onset of puberty. The child must derive the pleasure of gratification from secondary-process thinking. This is done through activities such as school, being with friends, or taking part in hobbies. -
Piaget's Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational Stage
This stage usually runs from ages 7-12. The child can now think logically about concrete objects and can now add and subtract things. At this point they understand the concept of conservation. -
Piaget's Cognitive Development: Formal Operational
This stage takes place from 12 years of age through adulthood. This stage is best characterized by the ability to reason abstractly and think in hypothetical term. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Identity vs. Role Confusion
This stage takes place between the ages of 13-19. The now adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. Adolescents will ponder the roles they will play in the adult world. At first, they wont know where they fit in and will try a variety of different things until they "find themselves". Intamacy with others often begins in this stage. The time this identitiy crisis will occur is not definite by any means and can change from person to person. -
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development: Genital
This final stage spans puberty into adult life. The purpose is psychological detatchment and independence from the parent. This stage focuses on the genitalia agian. They strive to gratify their needs through friendships, a love relationship, and assuming adult responsibility. -
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Conventional
Typical of adolescents and some adults. Those in this stage judge morality by comparing things to what is acceptable by society. They let the morals of others govern how they think as well. At this stage people follow the norm's of society regarldless of whether there are consequences or not. -
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Adolescence
The period where most kids are in puberty and have the second most change both physically and psychologically behind birth. -
Getting your First Job
I think this is the first exposure a kid gets to serious responsibility. Also is likely the first time they have had to answer to another person other than their parents and outside of the school setting. Teaches a lot of important personality skills and decipline. Can also teach the importance of money and expose them to saving and future planning. -
Graduating
A huge moment to tie off the end of adolescence. Lose a lot of social networking that was accumulating throughout childhood and more importantly highschool. A lot of freedom and decision making now that highschool is over. Can be a very emotional time when you lose a lot of close friends. People struggle to maintain these relationships along with aquiring new ones in college. -
Leaving for College
This is the first semi-autonomous experience in a person's life. They are leaving the comfort and safety of home and assuming a lot of new responsibility. The only catch is that their parents are still there to come home to if things ever get hard and they will likely be willing to help their kid out of any trouble or problems they are having. Can also mark the begining of many real relationships that will last a lifetime. Also causes the empty nest syndrome. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Intamacy vs. Isolation
This stage takes place from ages 20-40 for most people. It is characterized by young adults wanting to fit in. We are afraid of rejection and that makes us shy away from intimacy. Once people establish who they are, they then can make long term comitments to others to form relationships. They willingly make the sacrafices that the relationships require. If someone cannot form these intimate relationships, they often isolate themselves. -
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Early Adulthood
This period is best charactereized by the individual's first real experience with independence. Bodies have reached their peak of matration and mental development is almost peaked. People are better at learning new skills and will often begin their profession they will hold for most of their life. At this point the individual's basic character will remain stable in the years to follow. They will still aquire new information and increase vocabulary, creativity, and productivity. -
Having Children
A huge moment in anyone's life. Arguably the biggest milestone in my opinion. Assuming the responsiblity for a very dependent person that is your child. You need to look out for not only you and your spouse but also make decisions that keep the interest of your child's future in mind. Probably the most responsibilty anyone can have. -
Adult Male Crisis
This is most often occuring around age 30. It is characterized by almost a doubt in how your life is going. The guy will look back on the decisions he made to get to where he is and wonder what he could have done differently and where his life would be at. -
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Middle Adulthood
Usually runs between ages 30 and 45. Physical peak happens sometime before 30 so this period is characterized by a decline in physical capacity. Usually very career and goal oriented in an attempt to live the life they always hoped for. Will often have children if they have not already. -
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Post-conventional
This stage is marked by a realization that individuals are a seperate entity aside from society, and that an individual's perspective may take precedence over that of society's. Individuals may disobey rules inconsistant with their own morals. Rules are not absolute dictates that must be obeyed without question. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Generativity vs. Stagnation
This stage is usually occuring from ages 40-64. Generativity is the concern of "guiding" the next generation. One of the main points of this stage is contributing to society which breeds a sense of accomplishment and productivity. In contrast, someone who doesnt help others has a feeling of stagnation or dissatisfaction. -
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Late Adulthood
Usually age about age 45-65. The person has been working at the same career for a while and any major life changes would have already occured. Usually a lot of time spent parenting their children. -
Grandparent
This happens at different times for everyone. It is important because you get to see your own kids step up and become responsible adults and parents. I think its important to see all the values you tried to teach your kids at work as they parent kids of their own. Plus you get to spoil your grandkids and have fun almost like being a kid again. -
Onset of Alzheimer's
Usually occurs after age 65 but can happen earlier and cause serious problems for people. Can happen at very different times based on different individuals. Characterized by deterioration of the brain which causes the ability to make memories to be lost first, followed by the total loss of prior memory. It can be very devistating to the families it affects. -
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
This stage is primarily in late adulthood. It usually is from age 65 until death. It is characterized by looking back on all you've accomplished in life. We develop a sense of inegrity if we see ourselves living a succesful life, but if we feel we did not accomplish our goals we are dissatified which causes despair. Retrospection is the key to this stage. -
Retirement
This is important because all that hard work you've been doing for all these years is finally over. You get to relax and enjoy the life you've made for yourself. People try to remain independent and will often take up activities to keep them active and feeling younger. Can be a bittersweet time due to pysical decline but you free up a lot of time to do all the things you have always wanted to do. -
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Old Age
This stage usually lasts from age 65 until death. The main thing that occurs in this stage is the gradual decline of one's congnitive and physical ability. Most often this transition is viewed as negative. Retirement occurs for everyone at one time or another in this period. They usually choose to lead independent and satisfying lifestyls once they no longer work. Depression is common since social networks are lost do to death. The loss of a spouse is very very devistating -
Death and Ross's Stages
Death comes at a different point for everyone but they go through the same steps at some point. The steps are not in any concrete order. Denial is the step where they cannot believe it's happening to them. Anger usually ensues toward fate, doctors, powers at be, or even family members. Bargaining usually has the person try to strike a deal with a higher power in return for more time. Depression occurs when they focus on the loss. Acceptance is a calmness and peace toward the process.
