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Hans and Zacharias Janssen make the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube -
The art of grinding lenses is developed in Italy and the first spectacles are made to improve eyesight. They consisted of two framed glasses or crystal stones -
A father son team named Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented the first compound microscope. They realized when they put lenses on the top and bottom of the tube and looked through it, object would become magnified. -
Robert Hooke was the first to view and describe cells and name them. He used a slice of cork using a microscope and saw tiny boxes, which he thought looked like small rooms and he started calling them cells. . -
Robert Hooke studies objects with his microscope and publishes his result in Micrographia. A cork was able to float in water -
Francesco Redi demonstrated that the maggots in meat does not prove spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies. -
Isaac Newton built his first reflecting telescope in the UK. -
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek used single-lens microscope to view tiny organisms which are not visible to the unaided eye in pond water. This was the first time scientist were able to view microscopic living things. He also named cells " Animalcules" -
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria. -
Robert Hooke invented the universal joint, the iris diaphragm, a respirator, an anchor escapement and balance spring for clocks. -
Charles discovered that by using a second lens of different shape and refracting properties, he could realign colors with minimal impact on the magnification of the first lens. The invention of the achromatic lens. -
He published his own experiments which he boiled broth hoping to kill anything inside. He attempted to provide evidence supporting spontaneous generation. He supports S.G -
Lazzaro reviewed both Redi and Needham's experiments and concluded that the heating of broth did not kill everything inside. He proposed that microbes move through the air and that they could be killed through boiling -
An important discovery is that lenses combining two types of glass could reduce the chromatic effect, with its disturbing halos resulting from differences in image. -
Joseph Jackson Lister reduces the problem with spherical aberration by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances gave good maginifying without blurring the images. -
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann studied plant and animal cells and were able to view the nucleus. Through their studies they concluded that all living things were made up of cells and that a cell is the smallest unit of organization of a living thing. These ideas formed the basis for cell theory. -
Cells were finally the basic unit of life -
Rudolf studied cellular pathology and proposed that all cells come from other cells. They do not appear spontaneously. This explains how living things grow and reproduce. -
Louis designed a procedure to test whether sterile nutrient broth could spontaneously generate microbial life. The broth did not show signs of life until he broke off the neck of the flask allowing dust and microbes to enter. -
Abbe's work on a wave theory of microscopic imaging made possible the development of a new range of 17 microscope objectives. From here on microscopes were designed based on sound laws of physics. This Abbe Condenser is mounted below the microscope and controls the lights passing through -
Walter Fleming discovered cell mitosis and chromosomes. -
He figured out an unparalleled illumination system that is still known as Kohler illumination. Using double diaphragms, the system provides triple benefits of illuminated specimen. This can almost achieve an almost perfect picture. -
Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization, while Koch discovered his famous postulates: the anthrax bacillus, the tuberculosis bacillus and the cholera vibrio. -
Richard Zsigmondy develops the ultra-microscope and is able to study objects below the wavelength of light -
Frits Zernike discovered he could view unstained cells using the phase angle of rays. -
Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invented the first electron microscope that blasted past the optical limitations of the light. Knoll and Ruska built a transmission electron microscope- one that transmits a beam of electrons through the specimen. -
Frits Zernike invents the phase-contrast microscope that allows the study of colorless and transparent biological materials. -
Ernst Ruska develops the electron microscope. The ability to use electrons in microscopy greatly improves the resolution and expands the borders of exploration. -
Miller and Urey simulated hypothetical conditions present on the early Earth in order to test what kind of environment would be needed to allow life to begin. The experiment is considered the classic experiment on the origin of life. ( Water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. ) They created a cycle of compounds through glass tubes and flasks. They did not create life from non life but they did show the basic compounds of life could be derived from non living compounds -
She made the first discovery of endosymbiosis. Her endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic cell development is the concept of how life originated on earth. She also said that different types of bacteria, through “symbiogenesis”, formed more complicated single organisms. -
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invent the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level.