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labor for projects
The quakers believed work was a better way to deal with unsocialized behavior so in 1786, the Pennsylvania convicts began providing labor for public projects. -
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Penitentiary Era
The Penitentiary Era consisted of a seperate and silent system. The Quakers believed it was to sought penance in total solitude, but in reality, solitude either created or aggravated the offenders mental instabilities. -
Walnut Street Jail
Walnut Street Jail was the first prison or correctional institution to house sentenced offenders in the U.S. It was expected for offenders to do penance for their crimes. -
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Mass Prison Era
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New York House of Refuge
In 1825 the first juvinile only facility created in New York City. Before this juviniles were imprisoned with adult ofenders. -
Pennsylvania System 1829-1913
The Pennsylvania system was based on moral disense with the belief solitary confinement woud grant the offender time to think about the crime he committed. -
Auburn System
The introduction to changes in the penitentiary came with the Auburn system. The idea was to still have solitary confinement but instead of 23 hrs a day it would be just at night. During the day the prisoners do prison labor in groups but in total silence. -
Detroit house of Corrections
Throughout the 1800's women were housed in the same prison as men but in different sections. Because of all the needs and problems with this, they decided that it would be easier to manage women at a seperate facility, therefore transferred all women to the Detroit house of corrections. It was a low security prison that promoted their needs, they had only female matrons and they increased the emphasis on education. -
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Reformatory Era
The Reformatory Era were attemps to humanize the prison life. During this time the Elmira Reformatory introduced educatioin and vocational training in prisons. Early release earned by good behavior, community parole were also a new option for prisoners. Although solitary confinement was still allowed and used as punishment. -
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Industrial Prison Era
The Industrial Era brought with it more security and safety in prisons along with rising costs of incarceration. While the United States needed workers, prisoners served for cheap labor as well as generate income for the prisons. -
Hawes Cooper Act
During the Great Depression the government could not have inmates competing for jobs with the poor who actually needed those jobs to survive so they passed the Hawes Cooper Act which stopped the preferred cheap prison work. -
Ashurst Sumners Act
United States Act of Congress that made it unlawful to knowingly transport in interstate or foreign commerce goods made by convict labor. -
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Transition Era
The Transitional Era forced the idleness of inmates, with lack of professional programs and renewed its focus on punishment. The perfect example would be the Alcatraz Maximum Security Prison which maintained all its prisoners in solitary confinement 23 hours a day. -
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Rehabilitation Era
This era focusses on the rehabilitation of inmates and the introduction back into the community. Here is where community service programs, parole, and probation come in to the picture. -
Juvinile Justice and delinquency Prevention Act
This act was to support and expand the juvinile system. This act seperated juviniles from adult offenders and set a maximum 24hr window where a juvinile could be kept in prison. -
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Warehousing Era
The Warehousing Era focussed an imprisonment strategy based on the desire to prevent crimes from reoccurring with longer sentences and harsher punishment. The "get tough on crime" attitude grew. -
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Just Deserts Era
The zero tolerance initiatives increazsed and the "get tough on crime" attitude went into play. After trying to rehabilitate them failed keeping them away from the community for their safety was the only option left.
