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Nationalist forces in Italy rebelled against their foreign rulers. This happened in Parma and Modena, where uprisings were crushed.
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More nationalist rebelling in Italy, where again, uprisings were crushed.
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Republican forces formented a revolt against the pope, declaring the republic of Rome.
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Count Camillo di Cavour became prime minister of Sardinia, a kingdom that included both the Island of Sardinia and the Peidmont Reigon of Northern Italy. Cavour was a very clever man and he was determined to unite Italy.
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At Cavour's urging, Sardinia fought as allies with the British and French during the Cirmean war. Having formed a friendship with France, Cavour joined Napolean III in attack on Austria. Lombardy and Sardinia were united, and following that most northern Italian states were united
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The Papal States, a sizable region surrounding Rome, remained the only holdout. The 1860 unification reduced the Papal States to the city of Rome and the area immediately surrounding it.
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In 1860, the fiery republican Giuseppe Garibaldi led an invasion of his followers, the Red Shirts, into the kingdom of Sicily, to join a popular uprising. With help form Cavour, Garibaldi got liberty for sicily and Naples. Even though these two men were very different, they tried to unify Italy.
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The northern states nation was offically united; the king of Sardinia was crowned Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.
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Since France and Austria were united in the desire to maintain a divided and weak Italy, they worked together to put a stop to the rebellions. French troops occuipied Rome until now, 1870.
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France declared war on Prussia, occupying French troops left Rome. Which made the pope undefeated, the Italian army started the unification process.
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This did not end the hostility between the Church and the Italian state; if anything, it grew more intense. It would not be resolved until Prime Minister Benito Mussolini signed an agreement naming the Vatican an independent city-state in 1929.
