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sand casting
invented by Abraham Darby in 1708, allowed iron and brass goods to be mass-produced at a lower cost per unit -
Newcomen atmospheric engine
invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, important method of draining water from deep mines that pumped water using a vacuum created by condensed steam -
flying shuttle
invented by John Kay in 1733, used with the traditional handloom and improved weaving efficiency; reduced labor -
spinning jenny
invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine -
separate condensation chamber
invented by James Watt in 1765, chamber in a steam engine that was separate from the cylinder to prevent significant loss of heat when condensation occurs -
spinning frame
invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, a machine which produced twisted threads (initially for warps only), using wooden and metal cylinders rather than human fingers -
spinning mule
invented by Robert Owen in 1779, machine used to spin cotton and other fibres -
the puddling process
invented by Henry Cort in 1784, method of converting pig iron into wrought iron -
soda ash
way of manufacturing it invented by Nicolas LeBlanc in 1790, figured out how to make soda ash/alkali soda from common salt -
cotton gin
invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, "cotton engine", machine that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds to reduce labor -
voltaic pile
invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800, early electric battery that produced a steady electric current -
transatlantic telegraph cable
invented by Cyrus Field in 1854, undersea cables that ran under the Atlantic Ocean and were used for telegraph communication
