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Machinery and Factories-Textiles
One of the first factories created was a textile, or cloth, making factory. All they needed was cheap machinery to make the cloth and a want for the things they were making. Before this factory, textiles would be made in a cottage industry where a spinner and weaver would be in one cottage doing everything by hand. It wasn't until new inventions like the flying shuttle, spinning Jenny, and the water-powered loom were created did factories that did this really took off. -
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution started in 1750 and lasted until 1870. It started for several reasons including: not dealing with the French Revolution directly, already having the Bourgeoisie since the 1680s, and having new technology and procedures. It had several stages some of which were agriculture, machinery and factories, and coal, iron, trains, and the railroad. -
Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution started when farmers started looking for a third crop to put in their fields to restore nutrients. The crops they used for this were potatoes, turnips, and clover. Businessmen wanted more land but couldn't because of common pastureland which led to the enclosure movement. The enclosure movement was when land was fenced off and sold. This helped the Bourgeoisie but hurt the farmers to a point that they had to move to town and work in factories. -
Feminism-Women's Rights
Feminism is women’s right which, in the 1830s, they didn’t have many of. They especially didn’t have rights in marriage and property because it was extremely male dominated. However, Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton made huge impacts at the time by making nursing a women’s profession. Another impactful women was Emmeline Pankhurst who led the Women’s Social and Political Union in Britain. -
Karl Marx
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were both Germans who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848. They said that there is always an oppressor and oppressed, a user and the used. They were right about that and it went all the way back to the time of the Romans with the Patricians and Plebeians. At this time the guild masters become the Bourgeoisie and everyone else, the workers, become Proletariat. -
Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie
Guild master became the Bourgeoisie who were the owners of all means of production, not just the rich. The rest of the people became Proletariat, or the people who worked. Proletariats were seen as 'appendages to the machine' and were simple just a part of another form of slavery. They need to have a violent revolution to get rid of the Bourgeoisie and ended up getting support from the two groups of thinkers and feelers. -
Scientists
Louis Pasteur was a German scientist who developed the germ theory and saved many lives. Dimitri Mendeleev was Russian and put together the periodic table as we know it today. Marie Curie was French and discovered the radium, a radioactive atom. She was the first women to receive the Nobel Price in physics and even got another one in Chemistry. However, she did die of radiation poisoning because even though she discovered it no one knew how deadly it was until later. -
Coal, Iron, and Trains/Railroad
Money and demand from the textile industry led to the investment in other section, in this case, coal, iron, and railroads. Henry Cort created the process of making a higher quality of iron, called puddling, to use for railroads. In this process, they used coke, an kind of fuel derived from coal, to burn out impurities from the iron. Because of this, by 1852, Britain produced three million tons, more than the rest of the world combined. -
Charles Darwin, Natural Selection, and Herbert Spencer
Charles Darwin argued for a struggle for existence in all species. He came up with what's called natural selection, when the stronger organisms in a species live and the weak ones die. It wasn't until Herbert Spencer came along and applied Darwinism to society and countries did racism really become a prominent part of the world. He said that the natural selection of people would weed out the unfit like the poor, sick, and minorities. -
New Inventors and Their Inventions
Thomas Edison, along with the help of Joseph Swan, created the incandescent light bulb and founded what becomes the General Electric. Factories could now be open 24 hours a day because now people can see in the dark. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and in 1901 Guglielmo Marconi created the first trans-Atlantic communication radio. -
Henry Ford and the Assembly Line
Henry Ford developed the assembly and the mass production of goods. The assembly line created a more efficient way of working and therefore a less expensive product. Since it was so easy to produce those goods a company could mass produce them and distribute them to more people. -
Psychology and Uncertainty
Sigmund Freud was an Australian man who founded the psychoanalytical theory. He is best know for interpreting dreams and for developing the idea of the Id, Ego, and Superego. A person's Id is their most animal instincts like sex and aggression while one's superego is there mortality. Their ego is the balance between the two and is true reality. Albert Einstein came up with the theory of relativity. He said that time and space is relative to each person.
