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Thomas Newcomen invents the atmospheric steam engine, which is used for pumping water out of mines.
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Henry Cort develops the puddling process, a method for producing high-quality iron by smelting iron ore with coke.
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Richard Trevithick builds the first successful steam-powered locomotive, marking a major advancement in transportation.
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John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil, which becomes the world's largest oil refinery and a symbol of industrial consolidation.
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Henry Ford introduces the moving assembly line for automobile production, drastically reducing production time and cost.
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The Fourth Industrial Revolution emerges, characterized by the digitization of industries, automation, artificial intelligence, and the internet.