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Modern European History: As Shaped by Its Revolutions
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The Military Revolution (Comes to an End)
The Battle of Kircholm was painted in 1630 by Pieter Snayers. The battle was fought in 1605 between the Polish-Lituanians and the Swedish forces, it s one of the prime early examples of how modernized battle tactics became increasingly important throughout the years of the Military Revolution. -
(Peak of) The Scientific Revolution
Black and white stipple engraving by S. Freeman from portrait by Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723). Reproduced from Whipple Museum Wh.3525. Image © The Whipple Museum. A portrait of scientist Isaac Newton who embodies the changing triumph of science over theology and the seperation of the church and the state. -
The French Revolution (Begins)
Maximilien Robespierre's speech, "Justification of the Use of Terror," was written in 1794 during the revolution's later section, The Reign of Terror. His own execution along with the arguments he brings forth in this speech emphasize the significance of individual political views - as a matter of life or death. -
The Second Indutrial Revolution (Begins)
This is a map entitled, "Hurried Compilation". It was drawn by G. K. Warren of the United States in 1857 detailing the transportation networks of railroads that began in Europe and continued abroad. -
The Revolutions of 1848 (Begin)
Samuel Laign was a Scotish travel writer who wrote, "Observations on the Social and Political State of the European People in 1848 and 1849," in 1850. This document serves as proof the this moment in time juxtapozed some core concepts which justified colonialism. Interesting, these values did not prevail directly after, but they do become visible in future revolutions. -
The Russian Revolution (Begins)
"The Bolshevik" by B. Kustodiev captures Bolshevik revolutionaries in red and their bourgeoisie opposition in white. This revolutionary propaganda developed into an extremely advanced art form (which was mostly caused by the fact that most of Russia was illiterate at this point in history).
