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Before 1933
World War I (1914–1918) devastated Europe and created new countries. The years that followed saw the continent struggle to recover from the death or injury of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, as well as catastrophic damage to property and industry. In 1933, over 9 million Jews lived in Europe (1.7% of the total population). They raised families also during this national economic depression. German Jews numbered about 500,000 or less than 1% of the national population. -
Adolf Hitler
He is born in Austria. -
Otto Frank
He is born in Frankfurt, Germany. -
Edith Holländer
She is born in Aachen, Germany. -
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand precipitates the start of the massive armed conflict in Europe now known as the First World War. -
The Armenian Genocide
Ottoman authorities arrest 240 Armenian leaders in Constantinople and deport them east. -
Battle of the Somme
This day saw the heaviest of life in a single day during World War 1. -
World War 1
The Armistice is signed that ends the war. -
I treaty of Versailles Presented to Germab Delegation
The "War Guilt Clause" of the Versailles Treaty forces Germany to accept responsibility for initiating World War 1. -
Treaty
Germany accepts the Versailles Treaty. -
Hitler Joins
Hitler joins the National Socialist German Workers' Party(Nazi Party). -
Adolf Hitler Issues Comment on the "Jewish Question"
Hitler issues his first written comment on the so-called Jewish Question. -
Nazi Party Platform
Adolf Hitler presents a 25-point plan at a Nazi Party meeting. -
First Rally
The Nazi Party has their first rally in Munich. -
Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler and the Nazi Party attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic. -
Dora Rivkina
She was born to a Jewish family in Minsk, Belorussia. She was the second of three girls. -
Hitler becomes the Leader of the Nazi Party
After being released from prison for serving 9 months for treason, he took place as the leader after the re formulation of the Nazi Party. -
Marriage
Otto Frank and Edith Holländer get married in Aachen, Germany. -
"Mein Kampf" Published
Hitler’s autobiography and anti-Semitic plan is published being called "Mein Kampf." -
Margot Frank
She is born as the first daughter of the Franks in Frankfurt, Germany. -
Anneliese Marie Frank
She is born as the second daughter of the Franks in Frankfurt, Germany. -
Bela Weichherz Diary Entry
A proud father pastes two photos into his extensive family journals. -
Hitler Speech Campaign
Nazi supporters at a campaign rally in Waldenberg, Germany. In a speech, Hitler attacks the Weimar Republic and pledges to dissolve the parliamentary system. -
Votes Favor The Nazis
The Nazis receive 37.3 percent of the vote and are asked to form a coalition government. -
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president. He won the most votes in the history of America presidential elections. -
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1933-1938
Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor on January 30, 1933, the Nazi state called the Third Reich, quickly became a regime in which citizens had no guaranteed basic rights. The Nazi rise to power brought an end to the Weimar Republic, the German parliamentary democracy established after World War I. In 1933, the regime established the first concentration camps, imprisoning its political opponents, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and others classified as "dangerous." -
New Chancellor
Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany. -
Suspended
The freedom of speech, assembly, and individual rights are suspended by the Nazi government. -
Reichstag Fire Decree
President Hindenburg suspends constitutional protections in Germany. -
Establishment of Dachau Camp
The SS establishes the Dachau concentration camp. -
Anti-Jewish Boycott
The Nazis declare a boycott of Jewish businesses and medical and legal practices. A law excluding non-Aryans removes Jews from government and teaching positions. -
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
German law excludes Jews and other political opponents from civil service positions. -
Law Limits Jews in Publice Schools
The law against overcrowding in schools and universities limits the number of Jewish students in public schools. -
Burnings
Books by Jews, political enemies of the Nazi state, and other ‘undesirables’ are burned in huge rallies throughout Germany. -
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The Move
In the summer of 1933, the Franks decide that the family must move to the Netherlands because of increasing tensions in Germany. Edith, Margot and Anne Frank join Grandmother Hollander in Aachen. Otto Frank travels to Holland. -
Political Parties
Hitler bans all political parties except for the Nazi Party. -
Place for the "a Prevention of Offspring with Hereditray Diseases"
New German law mandates the forced steralization of certain individuals with physical and mental disabilities. -
Firm
Otto Frank establishes his firm Opekta Werke in Amsterdam. -
Central Organization of German Jews Formed
German Jewish organizations join together to form the Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden. -
Editors Law
New German law forbids non-"Aryans" to work in journalism. -
Law against "Dangerous Habitual Criminals"
A new German law allows courts to order indefinite imprisonment. -
Moving to Holland
Edith and Margot Frank move to Holland. -
Anne Joins Her Family
Anne Frank joins her family in Holland. She attends the kindergarten of the Montessori School. -
Röhm Affair
Hitler orders the purge of the top leadership of SA, the Nazi Party paramilitary formation. -
Death of President Hindenburg
Adolf Hitler becomes President of Germany. -
Abolishment of Presidency
Hitter declares himself absolute dictator. -
Ban on Jehovah's Witness Organizations
The German government bans all organizations of Jehovah's Witness Christian denomination. -
Revision of Paragraph 175
This facilitates the systematic persecution of homosexual men in Nazi Germany. -
The Nuremburg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws are passed defining Jews as non-citizens and making mixed Aryan and Jewish marriage illegal. They may not attend public schools. All of their property must be registered and passports marked with a "J." They must wear the "Star of Zion" at all times. They may not draw from their pensions, dispose of savings, and buy gold or other precious metals. Jew aren't allowed change residence without permission of authorities. They may not travel by bicycles, trains, or cars. -
'Judson Raus'
It was a board game created during the Holocaust. It was made by purely only manufacturers. It was a game where Aryans would play and whoever captured th most Jews won. -
Violation of a Treaty
Germans march into the Rhineland, violating the Versailles Treaty. -
Olympics
Olympic games are held in Berlin, Germany till the 16th. The United States participates. -
Van Pels Family
The van Pels family flees from Osnabruck to Holland during the summer. -
Buchenwald Concentration Camp Opens
It becomes one of the largest concentration camps established within the old German borders of 1937. -
Buchenwald Concentration Camp Opens
It becomes one of the largest concentration camps established within the old German borders of 1937. -
Antisemitic Exhibition Opens in Munich
The antisemitic exhibition Der Ewige Jude is opened at the library of the German Museum in Munich, Germany by Josef and Julius Streicher. -
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Kindertransport
Many Jewish children in series were rescued and brought to Britain to survive. -
Austria
Germany annexes Austria. -
Helen Baker Diary Entry
An American woman describes what she witnessed as Hitler entered Vienna. -
Evian Conference
32 countries send delegates to Evian, France to discuss Jewish immigration from Germany in July of 1938. The U.S. And most countries decided to refuse to ease immigration restrictions. -
Law on Alteration Family and Personal Names
A new German law requires Jews bearing first names of "non-Jewish" origin to adopt an additional name. -
Passports of Jews
All German passports held by Jews are declared invalid until they have a "J." -
American Student Reflects
Robert Harlan witnessed Kristallnacht. He recorded his observations while traveling to help the parents of a Jewish friend whose house was ransacked. -
Exclusion of Jews from German Economic Life
A new German decree closes all Jewish-owned business. -
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Kristallnacht
Jewish businesses and synagogues are looted and destroyed in Germany and in Austria by order of the state. -
First Kindertransport Arrives in Great Britain
Jewish parents in desperation send their unaccompanied children abroad to escape Nazi persecution. -
Fritz Pfeffer
Fritz Pfeffer flees Germany and arrives in Holland. -
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Raoul Wallenberg
He was a Swedish businessman-turned diplomat based in Budapes. He was responsible for saving thousands of Hungarian Jews by creating a network to get these people to safety. -
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1939-1941
The Holocaust took place in the broader context of World War II. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Over the next year, Nazi Germany and its allies conquered much of Europe. German officials confiscated Jewish property, in many places required Jews to wear identifying armbands, and established ghettos and forced-labor camps. In June 1941, Germany turned on its ally, the Soviet Union. Often drawing on local civilian and police support. -
Reichstag Speech
Hitler declares that the outbreak of war would mean the end of European Jewry. -
Czechoslovakia
Germany occupies Czechoslovakia. -
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The St. Louis
900 refugees board the boat with visas to escape Europe. Cuba and the U.S. refuse to accept them. At. Louis returns to Europe where France, England, and Holland agree to take 1/3 each of the refugees. Only those in England survive the war. -
World War 2
Hitler invades Poland and starts World War II -
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T-4 Program
Hitler implements the T-4 Program, authorizing the killing of the institutionalized, the physically disabled, and the mentally handicapped. It lasted for about three years. -
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Invasion
Germany invades Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. -
Aushwitz Camp Established
As authorities establish the largest concentration camp complex of the Nazi regime. -
Samuel Soltz's Visa
The back of this Polish Jew's visa bears witness to the vast array of bureaucratic stamps and visas needed to emigrate from Europe in 1940-1941. -
Warsaw Ghetto Sealed
The ghetto was enclosed by a wall that was over ten feet high, topped with barbed wire. -
Explosion of the SS Patria
The destruction of ship carrying 1,800 Jewish refugees. -
Moving the Company
Otto Frank’s company moves into the premises at number 263 Prinsengracht. -
Kraków Ghetto Established
Between 15,000 and 20,000 Jews are forced to live within the ghetto boundaries. -
Soviet Prisoners of War
Himmler inspects Soviet prisoners of wR at a GernN camp in occupied Belarus. -
Hidden History of the Establishment of the Kovno Ghetto
Across Nazi-occupied territory, many Jews engaged in acts of spiritual and intellectual defiance. -
Operation Barbarossa
Germany launches its largest military operation of the war. -
Jan Zwartendijk and Chiund Sugihara
They escape with 1,000 refugees in Shang Hi. They saved people by giving them passports that said they were Deutch. -
'Final Solution'
Herman Goering authorizes Reinhard Heydrich to find a 'Final Solution' to the Jewish question. -
"Euthanasia" Killings
Hitler orders the cessation of centrally coordinated murder of the disabled and responds in part to the public. -
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Ona Simaite
She was a librarian at Vilnius University. She smuggled in supplies for the Jews under the pretext that she was recovering library books from the students at the university. She did this for the next three years. She also was a messenger for them. She would sometimes smuggle children out of the ghetto too. -
Occupation of Kiev
German forces occupy Kiev, the capital city of Ukraine. -
Occupation of Kiev
German forces occupy Kiev, the capital city of Ukraine. -
Deportation of German, Austrian, and Czech Jews
German authorities begin deporting Jews from Central Europe to ghettos in occupied eastern territory. -
Operation Reinhard
The plan to annihilate Jews in occupied Poland will led to the murder of some 1.7 million innocent people. -
Stahlecker Report
An SS officer submits his report on the mass killing of Jewish civilians in the northwestern region of the Soviet Union. -
Theresienstadt Camp-Ghetto Established
In its function as a tool of deception, it was a unique facility. -
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan launches a surprise attack on the U.S. In Hawaii and was severely damaging. -
War Declared on Japan
President Roosevelt asks Congress to declare war following the attack on Pearl Harbor. -
Killing Operations Begin at Chelmno
Chelmno was the first stationary facility where poison gas was used for mass murder. -
War Declared
Germany declares war on the United States. -
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Father Bruno
He saved 300 Belgian Jews including 200 children. He led an organization network. He kept helping Jews even after they were liberated. He did this till the day he died. -
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1942-1945
In a period marked by intense fighting on both the eastern and western fronts of World War II, Nazi Germany also intensified its pursuit of the “Final Solution.” These years saw systematic deportations of millions of Jews to increasingly efficient killing centers using poison gas. By the end of the war in spring 1945, as the Germans and their Axis partners were pushed back on both fronts, Allied troops uncovered the full extent of crimes committed during the Holocaust. -
Wansee Conferencd
Senior Nazi officials meet at a villa in the outskirts of Berlin to discuss and coordinate "The Final Solution." -
Diary
Anne gets her diary for her 13th birthday. -
The Letter
A letter was sent to all Jews for labor Jews on a list. -
Bye
Anne said her bye to her friend Jackie through a secret correspondence. -
Dora Rivkina Dies
She dies from being shot and thrown into the river after the group she escaped with gets caught by the Germans at age 19. -
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The Danish People
They used small fishing boats once the Nazi say they are going to deport the Jews. They deported 7,200 people to Sweden. They kept the Jews homes empty for them to come back and hid Jewish items for them. They were the only country to do this. -
Arrival at Auschwitz
Mrs. Davidowitz, Iboya, Piri, Sandor, and Joli arrived at Auschwitz. Iboya and Piri were separated from the rest of the family on that day and never saw them again. -
Frank Family
Anne and her family were arrested. -
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After 1945
By May 1945, the Germans and their collaborators had murdered six million European Jews as part of a systematic plan of genocide—the Holocaust. When Allied troops entered the concentration camps, they discovered piles of corpses, bones, and human ashes—testimony to Nazi mass murder. Soldiers also found thousands of survivors—Jews and non-Jews—suffering from starvation and disease. For survivors, the prospect of rebuilding their lives was daunting. -
Anne's Death
Anne dies at Bergen Belson concentration camp late March. -
Liberation
British soldiers liberated Bergen Belson. -
Field Marshal Montgomery's First Army liberated Bergen Belson
Iboya and Piri appears liberated and went to Sweden to start new lives and eventually immigrated to the United States. -
Nuremberg Trial Verdicts
Verdicts delivered for major Nazi German leaders tried. -
Kielce Pogrom
Massacre of Jews in the southeastern Polish town of Kielce. -
Diary of Anne Frank First Published
Her entries were published about this time. -
Adolf Eichmann Found Guilty
He is found guilty of crimes against the Jewish people. -
Dayton Peace Treaty Agreement Signed
The war in Bonsoa-Herzegovina ended in 1995 with a peace agreement negotiated in Dayton, Ohio. -
Declares Genocide in Darfur
Colin Powell concludes that genocide has been committed in Darfur -
ICC Issues Warant
The ICC announced in historic decision to issue an arrest warrant charging Sundanese Omar al-Bashir. -
Declares Independence
South Sudan declares independence from Sudan and had signed a peace agreement in 2005. -
The March
In France, thousands of people in Paris marched on the streets yelling, "Jews get out of France." -
'Knock Out The Jew'
A group of teens played a game called 'Knock Out The Jew'. It was where they went and beat up a teen on the streets of New York that was Jewish. -
Auschwitz