History of the Middle School

By martin535

  • Koos & Briggs

    Koos & Briggs
    Leonard Koos & Thomas Briggs, 2 of the major founders of the Junior High School lay out some of the major principles of Middle Level education that will be carried over in the creation of the Middle School. (image credit zildjian.com)

  • Gruhn & Douglass

    Gruhn & Douglass
    Gruhn & Douglass propose 6 major functions of a middle school still used today: integration, exploration, guidance, differentiation, socialization and articulation (ERIC, 2015) (image credit: mychv.com)

  • Civil Rights Movement

    Civil Rights Movement
    Middle Schools expand in the south due to shifting and increasing student populations from desegregation. (image credit www.sc.edu)

  • Fort Couch Middle School

    One of the founders of the modern Middle School, Donald Eichorn, establishes one of the first Middle Schools, Fort Couch Middle School in Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania.(image: planetarium-list.com

  • National Middle School Association

    National Middle School Association
    NMSA appoints a Committee on Future Goals and Directions for the Middle School. This lays out the tenants of what is developmentally appropriate for early adolescents. (image: en.wikipedia.com)

  • THIS WE BELIEVE

    THIS WE BELIEVE
    The National Middle School Association publishes "This We Believe" outlining the 10 essential elements of the "true" Middle School (image amazon.com)

  • A Nation at Risk

    A Nation at Risk is published, pushing for the inclusion of 9th grade in the Senior High School (image: pages.vasser.edu)

  • Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the 21st Century

    Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the 21st Century
    Turning Points: Prepparing American Youth for the 21st Century was released by the Council on Adolescent Development of the Carnegie Council of New York. This report had 8 recommendations to improve the education of young adolescents. (image: paperbackswap.com)

  • THIS WE BELIEVE

    THIS WE BELIEVE
    This We Believe: Developmentally Responsive Middle Level Schools is published by NMSA defining the 6 charachteristics of developmentally responsive Middle Schools. This expands on the lessons learned from the 1982 publication. These tenants are what we use today in structuring effective middle level education. (image: amazon.com)