-
The first machine for printing books was created by Johann Gutenberg.Johann Gutenberg created a machine with movable letters. The product greatly simplified the process of printing books. -
The first full-volume book printed by Gutenberg was the so-called 42-line Bible, which consisted of two volumes of 1286 pages.Gutenberg printed it for 2 years. -
Franz von Taxis created the first regular postal line between Vienna and Brussels in 1505.In the first half of the 16th century, the first advertising printed publications appeared. -
Printing appeared in the Moscow state in the middle of the XVI century . Its founder was Ivan Fedorov. The first book "The Apostle", printed at the Moscow Printing Yard (it was the first Moscow printing house), dates back to 1564. -
Vesti-Chimes is the conditional name of the first Russian handwritten newspaper published in Russia for about 80 years.The newspaper began to be published continuously in Moscow in 1621 (although separate issues appeared as early as June 1600) to inform King Mikhail Fedorovich and the Boyar Duma and continued to be published until the beginning of the XVIII century. -
In the 17th and 18th centuries, 4 concepts of journalism developed.
1- English journalism
2- American journalism
3- French journalism
4- Authoritarian journalism -
La Gazette is the first ever political periodical, a public authority.It began to be published in Paris at the court of King Louis XIII from May 30 , 1631 .
The first editor-in-chief of La Gazette was Theophrastus Renaudot (1586-1653). -
On February 13, 1689, Parliament adopted the Bill of Rights, a document that still plays the role of the Constitution and the press law.
For journalists, the ninth paragraph was the most important: "Freedom of speech, debate and everything that happens in parliament cannot be a reason for prosecution, be the subject of consideration in court and nowhere else but parliament." -
1) it took shape in the XVI-XVII centuries, is widely practiced in many countries and now;
2) those who have received a patent, license or other similar permission have the right to use the seal;
3) the seal is in the hands of private individuals and/or the state;
4) differs from other concepts of journalism in that it considers the press as a tool for implementing government policy.' -
Attempts to publish a newspaper have been made in America since the end of the XVII century.
The oldest American newspaper "Public Occurrences" ("Public events") it was published on September 25, 1690, but its first issue was also the last. The first regular American newspaper, The Boston News Letter, was published in 1704. -
The French concept was formed at the end of the 18th century and was formed by 1881.This model became known as the European one.
-
On August 24, 1789, the National Constituent Assembly adopted the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights.
The features of the French concept of freedom of the press are as follows:
* the role of the state in journalism is greater than in the English and, especially, the American concept;
* journalism is regulated (but not managed!) legislation;
* the expression of human rights appears for the first time.