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French government asks Alfred Binet to help decide which students were most likely to experience difficulty or succeed in schools.
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The Binet-Simon Intelligence Test was made of 30 sub-tests that were designed to test many mental capabilities, and was scored by way of "mental age". For instance, if someone scored as well as an average 14 year old, then they would have a mental age of 14.
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In 1912 Wilhelm Stern devloped a formula which expressed a relation between mental age and chronological age:
IQ = mental age x 100/chronological age (the formula works fairly well for children, but not for adults). Terman relied on this formula to arrive at an IQ score. -
Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman, using Binet's original test, revised/adapted the test to be used in the United States. It was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and became the standard intelligence test in the US.
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Robert Yerkes (president of APA and chair of the Committee on the Psychological Examination of Recruits) developed the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. The Alpha was written, while the Beta was given orally. The lowest scores were turned away from service, while the highest could get into specific roles and leadership positions.
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To helps universities and colleges judge prospective students, the Scholastic Aptitude Test was designed.
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In agreement with Binet, Wechsler believed that intelligence was composed of many different factors and abilities. In 1939, he described intelligence as "the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment"
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American psychologist David Wechsler creates a new measurement system due to his dissatification with the limitations with Binet's system. He published his new intelligence test known as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955.
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Believing in eight intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist, Gardner emphasized that we have not an intelligence, but multiple.
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Sternberg proposes a "triarchic theory" of three intelligences as opposed to Gardner's eight. They include analytical, creative, and practical intelligences.
