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Edward Thorndike proposes the stimulus-response theory, in which behavior is influenced by the outcomes of one's actions. It was developed throughout the early 20th century. It includes concepts like trail and error, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement. -
The first school museum was open in St. Louis in 1905. School museums allows instructors supplement their course materials with visual instruction, portable exhibits, stereographs. -
Reginald Fessenden sends the first long-distance transmission from his radio, sparking the use of voice and music broadcasts. -
Keystone View Company published Visual Education as a teacher's guide to lantern slides and stereographs. As instructors increased their use of visual media in the classroom, they needed reference in how to best provide said instruction -
First published in the United States, the catalog was a compilation of instructional films available for use. The films featured during this time were typically short, silent, and often focused on a basic narrative of events. -
Thomas Edison proclaimed "books will be obsolete in schools". This indicates that the visual movement was growing rapidly and many institutions began offering visual instruction for students. However, the movement was not as revolutionary as Edison predicted. There were several reasons as to why it didn't take off the way he though: resistance to change, operational malfunctions, poor quality, and financial constraints. -
John Watson proposed behaviorism, explaining that behaviors are acquired through conditioning. -
There was a major growth of the use of films, pictures, slides, models, and graphs being used to support instruction.
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Originally introduced by Vygotsky, ZPD emphasizes the importance of social interaction and shared knowledge to foster an increase in knowledge and learning.
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The first motion picture with sound led to an increased interest in the audiovisual instructional movement. -
Television was first successfully used to produce images on a screen using electronic signals -
The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downtown that originated from a stock market crash in the United States. Effects of the Great Depression included: unemployment, poverty, homelessness, bank failures, trade decline, decline in industrial production, and an increase in individual stress and anxiety. -
The merger of three national organizations for visual instruction. They focus on the instructional potential of radio, films, and tv. From this event, the National Education Association (NEA) will eventually become the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT). -
Schema theory was introduced by Frederic Bartlett to analyze how learners create mental connections to make sense of information -
While WWII rocked the world with great tragedy, it also had a significant impact on instructional design. The US military began training using audiovisual instruction by showing films to servicemen. Psychologists analyzed the skills taught in military programs and applied those to instructional purposes.
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Over the course of the mid-20th century, general systems theory (GST) was developed to understand complex systems. GST applies a set of principles to study the organization and behavior of systems.
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Established by the federal government, the Division of Visual Aids for War Training oversaw the production of 457 training films. The training films were more effective because they were keeping the soldiers engaged in the training programs. -
In the 1950s, there was an increased interest in incorporating television in instruction. This growth was stimulated by the FCC and the Ford Foundation. It only lasted to the mid-60s, as public use became the forefront.
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Experts began measuring computer intelligence in the 1950s. Essentially AI is a field of computer science that enables problem solving through machines thinking similarly to humans.
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The Federal Communications Commision (FCC) sets aside 242 television channels for educational purposes -
Bloom's original taxonomy contained six categories: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation -
The Department of Audiovisual Instruction (ADI) approves the first definition of educational technology. The ADI stated that educational technology is the design and use of messages which control the learning process. Steps of this process include planning, production, selection, utilization, and management. -
Galbraith developed the Star Model, which is a framework for instructional design. His work was used to adapt AECT's definition - "a systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to accomplish practical tasks". -
Proposed by Atkinson and Shriffin, the cognitive information processing theory states there are three memory systems in the learner - sensory, short term, and long term. -
The Commission on Instructional Technology, established by the US Government, published the "To Improve Learning Report". The report examined the benefits and problems with instructional technology. -
The first microcomputer was invented, due to the introduction of the microchip. -
The ADDIE Model stands for analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. It serves as a guideline for creating effective instructional design. -
AECT proposed their definition; it included sixteen statements with tables. The definition is as follows: "educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning". There was a specific emphasis on a systematic design process, and it was the first definition to include the analysis phase. -
The Dick and Carey Model, also known as the Systems Approach Model, provides a structured approach for designing effective instructional materials. The stages of this model are typically followed in a linear fashion. -
Sony introduces the first CD-ROM to play digital audio recordings. -
Keller proposed the ARCS model which includes motivational concepts organized intro four categories. The categories are attention (A), relevance (R), confidence (C) and satisfaction (S). -
In 1983, the internet was born, allowing various computer networks to communicate with each other. -
First proposed by Howard Gardner, the theory of multiple intelligences describes the multiple ways in which students acquire information -
Developed by Raymond Wlodkowski, the time continuum model is used to increase motivation among learnings throughout the process of learning. -
Gagne's theory of instruction contained 5 major categories of learning (verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes, and motorskills) and had 9 levels of instruction (reception, expectancy, retrieval, selective perception, semantic encoding, responding, reinforcement, retrieval, and generalization). -
Allan Collins and John Seely Brown introduce cognitive apprenticeship. It is a learning theory that includes modeling, scaffolding, articulation, reflection, multiple perspectives, and authentic contexts. It focuses on how experts in the field think and solves problems and allows transfer of that knowledge to learners. -
Introduced by Howard Barrows, problem based learning is an instructional approach that facilitates active learning by the exploration of real-world problems. It take a student-centered approach where students are given a scenario in which they must explore solutions to. -
Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardamelia worked on developing knowledge building through collaboration, inquiry-based learning, and the creation of a community of learners. -
Proposed by the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt. Anchored Instruction is a learning model used to increase the effectiveness of learning by providing a meaningful anchor in which the learners can apply their knowledge. -
Case- and scenario-based learning is where learners are presented with realistic scenarios and experiences in which they are able to apply their knowledge in skills in a practical context.
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The constructivist movement is an approach to learning that focuses on learners constructing their own understanding and knowledge through engagement, social interaction, meaning-making, relevance, scaffolding, and reflection.
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Proposed by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, they argued that learning is tied to the social and cultural context in which it takes place. It follows the work produced by Vygotsky. Situational learning theory relies on social and cultural determinants of learning, rather than individual psychology. Emphasizes the development of learning when individuals engage in a community. -
Design based research gained momentum in the early 1990s and focuses on addressing educational problems by collaboratively designing and implementing real-world context in learning environments. -
Introduced by James Pea. Distributed Intelligence is where the learner is making connections and forming understanding by actively doing the work that they are learning. -
As the field of instructional technology grew, the AECT revised it's definition to "Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. This new definition highlights five domains of the field. They purposefully excluded the word systematic in order to emphasis alternative design methodologies.
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Brown and Campion worked to foster a community of learners in the sense that there were group projects around thematic units. Highlights individuals working together. -
Similar to the CDROM, DVDs produced audiovisual content. This content was a significant improvement in quality over video taps. -
As mobile devices began to increase in public use, instruction through mobile devices also began to increase. This was furthered by the invention of smart phones and mobile apps.
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Emerging over time, the maker movement was characterized by individuals engaging in do-it-yourself (DIY) projects, hands on learning, and creating products using technology and other craft tools.
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Bloom's taxonomy was revised in 2001. It was changed to remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create. -
George Siemens and Stephen Downes propose connectivism with a set of principles. Connectivism is the idea that learning is a process that takes place between a network of people, information, and technology. It is particularly relevant with the increased use of digital learning. -
Jon Bermann and Aaron Sams introduced flipped learning, where they recorded their lectures and made them available to learners prior to the instruction. -
Developed by the University of Minnesota, active learning classrooms are designed to foster flexible, student-centered learning experiences -
MOOCs (massive open online courses), emerged in 2008 as mode of learning. Made available over the internet, anyone can sign up for free and learn gain knowledge the course. In 2012, the NY Times, declared it the year of the MOOC -
AECT introduces their latest definition: “Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources". Key terms include ethical, facilitate , and improve performance. This includes the use of both hardware and software.
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The successive approximation model (SAM) is one of the most common alternatives to the ADDIE approach. It is composed of three main parts: preparation, iterative design, and iterative developement. -
Four theorists Michael Allen, Julie Dirksen, Clark Quinn, and Will Thalheimer propose the serious e-learning manifesto that has standards all e-learning should address. These principles include: performance focused, meaningful to learners, engagement driven, authentic context, realistic decisions, individualized challenges, spaced practice, and real-world consequences. -
The Covid Pandemic took the world by storm in 2020 by forcing everyone into lockdown. School was completed through distance learning, meetings took place online via platforms like Zoom, and people rarely left the house. In 2021, things started to return to normal, but many of the methods for instruction used during the pandemic are still in place today. The federal Covid-19 public health emergency officially ended in early 2023.
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ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence platform, was released for public use. ChatGPT is invaluable in assisting users in research, content creation, and language understanding. With the rise of ChatGPT, there are many ethical concerns such as cheating and plagiarism when it comes to instructional uses.