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History of China 1900-1934

By Michael Mountford
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    The Qing Dynasty

    • During the Qing Dynasty, China was ruled by the Manchus, people from northeastern China.
    • The Qing Dynasty lasted 268 years.
    • The Qing Dynasty used the same form of Govenment used during the Ming Dynasty with only minor adjustments.
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    The Taiping Rebellion

    • The Taiping Rebellion was a rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.
    • It was led by Hung Hsiu chuan. He is a visionary from Guangdong.
    • His aim was to get rid of the Qing Drynasty and create a new Taiping Dynasty (Taiping meaining great peace in Chinese).
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    Hundred Days of Reform (1898)

    • The Hundred Days of Reform was a failed 104 day l reform movement from 11 June to 21 September 1898 in late Qing dynasty China. It covered national cultural, political and educational.
    • This was begun by Emperor Guangxu and his supporters.
    • This movement was short lived.

  • Key pre-1900 Events

    • The First Opium War (1839-1842)
    • The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) - This was a rebellion against the Manchus. It lasted for 14 years and 600 cities were ruined. The rebellion was only stopped with help from the European powers. This made them unpopular.
    • The Second Opium War (1858-1860)
    • Japanese attacks on China (1894-1895)
    • The Hundred Days of Reform (1898) - This was 3 month period where Emperor GuangXu tried to strengthen China by modernising the way China was run.
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    The Boxer Rebellion

    • The Boxer Rebellion was a uprising against foreign influence in China.
    • During the rebellion, many Chinese Christians were killed and The Boxer Rebellion also attempted to storm the foreign embassies in Beijing - this was stopped by by 20,000 Japanese, American, and European troops.
    • After The Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager Cixi realised that changes were necessary and began to modernise things.

  • The Wuchang Rebellion

    • The Wuchang Rebellion was sort of like the starter of the reveloution of 1911 (The end of the Qing Dynasty).
    • The Wuchang Rebellion began with the dissatisfaction of the handling of a railway crisis.
    • The crisis then escalated to an uprising where the revolutionaries went up against Qing government officials.
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    The Chinese Reveloution of 1911

    • In October of 1911, a group of reveloutionaries led a succesful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, creating the Republic of China and ending the imperial system.
    • In the 19th Century, the Qing Dynasty was unpopular due to many reasons. One of the main reasons being foreign influence.
    • The 2 Opium Wars caused great loss and damage - it was sort of like the starting point of the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

  • China Becomes a Republic

    • During the last days of the Qing Dynasty (late 19th Century and Early 20th Century), there was foreign invasions and civil unrest.
    • Rebellions caused millions of deaths, and conflicts with foreign Western European powers almost always resulted in humiliating unequal treaties and costly reparations.
    • With All these things happening, the Qing Imperial Court tired to reform China, but failed.
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    Yuan Shikai

    • Yuan Shikai was a Chinese General, politician and emperor. He is famous for his influence on the events leading up to the Chinese reveloution of 1911 and him being the first president of China.
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    The Warlords

    • When Yuan Shikai died, there was a period of confusion where everyone wanted to become the leader of China.
    • This was called 'The Warlord Era'. This was when many commanding offficers and Generals attempted to crush their opponents and to gain land to try to gain control of China.
    • This resulted in many violent clashes.

  • The May Fourth Movement

    • The May 4th Movement was one of the first massive movements in Chinese history.
    • On May 4, about 5,000 university students in Beijing protested against the Versailles Conference about awarding Japan Kiaochow.
    • Demonstrations and strikes spread to Shanghai, and a nationwideboycott of Japanese goods followed.
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    The Northern Campaign

    • The Northern campain was a military campain led by the Guomindang from 1926 to 1928.
    • Its main objective was to rule china and get rid of the warlords.
    • This led to the end of the Warlord Era, the reunification of China in 1928, and the establishment of the Nanjing government.
    • The Northern Campaigns began in Guandong.
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    The first 4 Extermination Campaigns

    • Chiang Kaishek thought that the Jiangxi Soviet was a greater threat than the Warlords or the bandits.
    • To stop them, he organised a series of 'Extermination Campaigns'. This was a attempt to wipe out the Commmunists.
    • So, between 1930 to 1934, Chaing Kaishek started the Extermination Campaigns, with each campaign bigger than the last.
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    The 5th Extmerination Campaign

    • The 5th Extermination Campaign was a series of battles fought from September 25 1933 to 10 October 1934 between Chiang Kaishek's Guomindang and the Chinese Communists.
    • During this Campaign, the Guomindang succesfully broke down the Chinese Communists, sending the Chinese Communists retreating in what will be called as 'The Long March'.
    • This campaign was dangerous because after the faliure of the 4th Extermination Campaign in the Spring of 1933, the Guomindang changed their tactics.
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    The Long March

    • The Long March was a retreat by the Chinese Communists. They were retreating away from the Guomindang.
    • It was not really like a march, it was more like a series of marches, with many Communist groups escaping to the north and the west.
    • The most well known march was the march that left the Jiangxi soviet in October 1934.