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Magic lanterns projected images printed on glass slides. Oil lamps and candles served as light sources for the magic lantern, according to the Magic Lantern Society.
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As part of the NEA (currently known as AECT).
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Filmstrip projectors allowed teachers to pause presentations for class discussions by turning a knob, and the projectors were widely used in classrooms until VCRs replaced them in the 1980s.
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Used to help train WW II soldiers.
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B. F. Skinner’s theory is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of “operating” on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this “operating,” the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer.
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B.F. Skinner's artickle is called the a minor revolution in the field of education.
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Roger Appeldorn created a machine that projected the image of writing on clear film in the early 1960s, while working at 3M.
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The use of closed circuit television to improve teacher effectiveness. Fontana, CA, Unified School District.
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Robert Mager figured out the importance to teach educators how to write objectives.
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acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. The use of
criterion-referenced tests for these two purposes is a central
feature of instructional design procedures. Reiser, Robert V.; Dempsey, John V. (2011-03-14). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd Edition) (Page 24). Pearson HE, Inc.. Kindle Edition. -
Michael Scriven coined the phrases formative and summative evaluation to describe the analysis methods used prior to instruciton and after instruction.
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Susan Markle (1967)
decried a lack of rigor in testing processes. In light of this
problem, Markle prescribed detailed procedures for evaluating materials both during and after the design process.
These procedures are much like the formative and summative evaluation techniques generally prescribed today. Reiser, Robert V.; Dempsey, John V. (2011-03-14). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd Edition) (Page 25). Pearson HE, Inc.. Kindle Edition. -
Component Display Theory describes the micro elements of instruction (single ideas and methods for teaching them).
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Briggs, 1974; Gerlach & Ely, 1971;
Kemp, 1971), several of which became “standards” in the
field. Reiser, Robert V.; Dempsey, John V. (2011-03-14). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd Edition) (Page 25). Pearson HE, Inc.. Kindle Edition. -
Apple Computer 1 was created in 1976 by Steve Qozniak (Steve Job's had the idea od selling the computer).
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This model encapsulates the fundamen- tals of instructional design using concepts and procedures for analyzing, designing, developing, and evaluating instruction.
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Although VCR was invented in 1956 they didn't become available to public until late 70s early 80s.
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Computers began to be used as tools to
automate some instructional design tasks (Merrill & Li,
1989). Reiser, Robert V.; Dempsey, John V. (2011-03-14). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd Edition) (Page 26). Pearson HE, Inc.. Kindle Edition. -
Which learners will be using the
skills they are learning—has had an effect on how instructional design is being practiced and taught. Reiser, Robert V.; Dempsey, John V. (2011-03-14). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd Edition) (Page 26). Pearson HE, Inc.. Kindle Edition. -
Convenient to the learner.. Around 35% of institutions offer distance learning.
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1 computer for every 6 students. Although computers were more common and accessable interenet still was limited.
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Due to the rise of commercial growth of the Internet, venture capitalists saw record-setting growth as dot-com companies experienced meteoric rises in their stock prices and therefore moved faster and with less caution than usual, choosing to mitigate the risk by starting many contenders and letting the market decide which would succeed.
