Historical Evolution of Information Technology

By alissa39
  • Period: to

    Increased use of visual materials

    Materials such as films, pictures, and projector slides were used more frequently especially in schools

  • First school museum opened in St. Louis

    Lead to the opening of more and more school museums around the country

  • Term "visual education" movement was being used

    Was used in the book "Visual Education" which served as a guide for learning through the use of slides and stereographs

  • First catalog of industrial films was published in the U.S

  • Thomas Edison said "Books will soon be obsolete in schools...."

    He believed that it was possible to replace everything contained in books with films
  • Period: to

    5 national professional organizations for visual instruction established

    Visual instruction movement was growing rapidly. 5 organizations established, 5 journals went into publication, 20 teacher training institutions offered visual instruction classes, etc.
  • Period: to

    Increase in the use of audiovisual instruction as a result of technological advances

    Resources such as radio and sound recordings as well as motion pictures with sound were created and used for instruction

  • The Great Depression began

  • 3 existing national professional organizations for visual instructions were merged into one called the Department of Visual Instruction (DVI)

    This lead to one leading voice over the field and eventually the organization named themselves ACET (Association for Educational Communications and Technology)

  • Division of Visual Aids for War Training was developed by U.S government

    This organization created over 400 training films for the military

  • Edgar Dale created the "Cone of Experience"

    Elaborated on the ideas of audiovisual media
  • Period: to

    Growth in instructional TV

    Some use of TV prior to the 1950s but over the course of the 1950s was the main period of growth for this media outlet
  • Period: to

    The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives was written by Benjamin Bloom and colleagues

  • Period: to

    Growth of television as a resource

    Technology continued to advance, adding television to the list of resources used for instruction

  • Federal government set aside 242 educational TV channels

  • B.F Skinner wrote "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching" which began a small education revolution

    This article drew attention to and created a small education revolution

  • 17 educational TV channels

    This was the number that had developed from the stations set aside in the United States

  • In response to Sputnik launching, the U.S put money into improving education

    The U.S government felt like we were behind in the technology aspect of society and began releasing materials to increase math and science learning

  • More than 50 educational TV channels

    Developed from 17 to 50 over 15 years in the United States

  • Robert Mager wrote "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Learning" to teach educators how to write proper objectives

    Proper objectives contain three elements: description of desired learning behavior, the conditions under which the behaviors are performed, and standards by which behaviors are judged
  • Period: to

    Criterion-referenced testing began

    This became a model for creating media to be used in instruction
  • Period: to

    Definition of the field switched from a focus on media to a focus on the process of instruction

    Prior definitions focused mostly on the media aspect of instructional design and technology but the definition during this time changed to focus more on the field as a process

  • First official definition of the field approved by overseeing professional organization

    Instead of focusing on media, the new definition focused more on the use of the media in a process of learning

  • Robert Gagne published "The Conditions of Learning" describing 5 domains of learning outcomes

    The five domains included: verbal information, intellectual skills, psycho motor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies

  • New major definition of IDT released - actually included two definitions

    1. Older view of the field focusing primarily on the media aspect
    2. IDT is a process that goes beyond just simply media,IDT includes steps to learn and teach
  • Period: to

    Large increase in number of instructional design models

  • An instructional design model was adopted by U.S Military branches

    The adoption of this method was predicted to assist them in training and to better the quality of the training materials they were using

  • Third new definition to the field was accepted

    New definition differed from the previous in multiple ways - 16 individual statements, 9 pages of tables for elaboration, 9 chapters of elaboration. This finally showed the true complexity of the field.
  • Period: to

    Increased interest in principles of cognitive psychology and personal computer use for instruction

  • Greater than 40% of elementary schools and greater than 75% of secondary schools were using computers for instruction

    Computers were becoming increasingly more available and also more used by schools for instructional purposes

  • More than 1/4 of instructional improvement organizations were disbanded because of a downward trend in budgets for these

  • Period: to

    Impacts in human performance improvement movement

    This movement focused on job performance after the instruction and application of the knowledge learned

  • AECT published a book containing a description of the field with a working definition

    New definition encompassed five domains: design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation

  • On average schools had one computer for every 9 students

    Although the resources were there, a lot of schools and instructors still reported little to no computer use in their teaching

  • About 10% of students in institutions of higher learning were taking at least one course online

  • 13% of business training occurred online

  • About 9% of middle school students and 10% of high school students were taking at least one online course

  • AECT published a book with a more current working definition

    New definition included the words ethical and facilitate in regard to learning. These help give more creativity to the field, as well as interpretation

  • About 19% of middle school students and 30% of high school students were taking at least one online course

  • About 32% of students in institutions of higher learned were taking at least one online course

  • 41% of business training occurred online