-
Period: to
First Wave Feminism (late 19th century to early 20th century)
First Wave Feminism
~ women's rights movement focused on women's suffrage
~ the right to vote was connected to women's roles as mothers and housewives
~ legal obstacles to gender equality -
Sojourner Truth Speech (1851)
~ Sojourner Truth was an enslaved black woman
~ 1851 - deliered "Ain't I a Woman" speech at women's rights convention in Ohio
~ implied that "woman" meant "white woman"
~ campaigned for abolition of slavery and equal rights for women -
Fraser River Gold Rush (1858)
~ discovery of gold in Fraser River (BC) attracted white and Chinese
~ post gold rush - racism against Chinese (inferior) -
Canadian Confederation (1867)
-
The Indian Act (1876)
~ Passed by Canadian federal government
~ focused on land, membership, local government, made federal government guardian over FN
~ goal to assimilate
~ amended in 1985
~ Native women would lose status if she married a non Native or disenfranchised Native
~ lost right to property on reserves, housing, share in band funds, health benefits, educational grants, participation in self gov't
~ white women who married Native men gained status
~ 25,000 women lost Indian status -
John A. McDonald National Policy (1878)
~ promote Canadian industry
~ finish national railway
~ settle the West (European settlers) -
Period: to
Canadian Pacific Railway Building (1881-1885)
~ many Chinese immigrants worked on railway
~ did most dangerous jobs and received low wages
~ first Chinese Immigration Act (1885) following the completion of the railway
~ nation building
~ film watched in class - "In the Shadow of Gold Mountain" -
Chinese Immigration Act (1885)
~ Canadian government forced all Chinese immigrants to pay a $50 head tax
~ raised to $500 in 1903 -
Female Refuges Act (1897)
~ incarcerated women for "immoral" behaviour
~ sexual behaviour tied to class, gender, and race -
Angelina Napolitano (1911)
~ Italian immigrant - imgrated with husband Pietro in 1909
~ abusive husband - pocket knife attack, forced her into prostitution
~ murdered her husband
~ used battered woman defence on murder charge - ruled that murder was in self defence
~ life imprisonment on July 14, 1911 - avoided death penality
~ ignited a public debate about domestic viiolence and the death penalty
~ media portrayed her as a "hot-blooded" foreigner - other sympathetic
~ challenged ideas of Canadian identity -
Act to Prevent the Employment of Female Labour in Certain Capacities (1912(
~ prevented white women from working in Chinese busninesses or being hired by Chinese men -
Period: to
World War 1
-
Prevention of Venereal Diseases Act (1918)
~ doctors have authority to incarcerate women assumed to have contracted a venereal disease -
India Bonita Contest (1921)
~ Rick Lopez article
~ India Bonita Contest in Mexico
~ sought to establish a unified Mexican identity by highlighting native and rural populations - nation forming
~ significant gulf between image of Maria Bibiana Uribe and reality of life for a young indigenous woman -
Chinese Exclusion Act (1923)
~ taken from Sandra Ka Hon Chu's articles
~ banned Chinese immigration into Canada
~ from 1923 to 1947 - only 12 Chinese immigrants allowed into Canada
~ appealed in 1947 -
Emma Tenayuca and Pecan Shellers Strike (1938)
~ thousands of workers protested wage reduction
~ succeeded in raising wages -
Velma Demerson (1939)
~ white, working class woman
~ incarcerated for having a relationship with a Chinese man even though they were engaged and she was pregnant
~ denied Canadian citizenship
~ Female Refuges Act (1897) -
Period: to
World War 2
-
Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
~ Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (Hawaii) during WWII
~ in response, the Canadian government moved over 22,000 Japanese Canadians into internemnt camps
~ Canadian government also confiscated and auctioned off their land and belongings -
Juvenile Deliquents Act and Training School Act (1950s)
~ in 1950s
~ forced patriarchal roles on Native women
~ train young Native women away from "promiscuity" and into domestic life -
Period: to
Fruit Machine Era (1950s and 60s)
~ RCMP used the "Fruit Machine" to root out homosexuals from civil service
~ made people watch pornography, then measured their reaction (pupil dilation, sweat, heart rate)
~ substantial amount of people lost their jobs -
Period: to
Lavender Scare (1950s)
~ fear of homosexuals in the US government
~ homosexuality connected to communism (height of Cold War)
~ considered fragile minded - more likely to turn on country -
Kinsey Scale (1953)
~ Dr. Alfred Kinsey
~ 7 point range of homosexuality scale
~ Kinsey Scale expanded ideas of sexuality -
Canada's West Indian Domestic Scheme (1955)
~ allowed eligible Caribbean women to immigrate to Canada to work as domestic servants -
Juvenile Delinquents Act and Training School Act (1950s)
~ forced European patriarchal views onto Native and working class women
~ train young women away from promiscuity and into domestic life -
Period: to
Forced Sterilization of Aboriginal Women (1960s and 1970s)
~ government in Ontario forced Indigenous women to be sterilized in the 1960s and 70s)
~ from 1971 to 1974, 580 Indigenous women were sterilized in federal hospitals -
Period: to
Second Wave Feminism (early 1960s to early 1980s)
~ insired by liberal and radicial feminists who used protest and performance to shed light on women's oppression
~ wide range of issues - sexuality, family, workplace, reproductive rights, etc.
~ 1980s - growing criticism from black, working class, and lesbian feminists
~ differences and similarities with systems of oppression
~ wanted increased emphasis on differences -
Canadian Bill of Rights (1960)
~ "without discrimination by reason of race, national origin, colour, religion, or sex"
~ seen as equal to Indian Act - Bill of Rights did not supercede human rights abuses in Indian Act -
Equal Pay Act (US) (1963)
~ abolished wage disparity based on sex in the United States -
Munsinger Sex Scandal (1966)
~ Gerda Munsinger - alleged East German prostitute and Soviet Spy
~ slept with several cabinet ministers
~ Canada's first national political sex affair
~ represented how sexual conduct could cause a national threat -
Divorce Act (1968)
~ made it easier to obtain a divorce
~ did not address matrimonial property -
Pierre Trudeau Omnibus Bill (1969)
~ decriminalized gambling, homosexuality, abortion and birth control -
Stonewall Riot (1969)
~ police raid at Stonewall Inn, Manhattan, New York
~ riots were demonstrations by LGBT community
~ ignited 1970s gay liberation movement
~ creation of gay activist organizations -
First Gay Rights Protests in Canada (1971)
~ in response to the Stonewall Riots in New York in 1969 -
Unemployment Insurance Act (1971)
~ added maternity benefits -
Jeanette Lavell Case (1974)
~ married white man and lost Aboriginal status
~ patrilineal bloodline - man would've gained status
~ lost to Supreme Court -
Irene Murdoch Case (1975)
~ divorced abusive husband
~ wanted 1/2 of ranch assets for her labour
~ matromonial property - men responsible for financial affairs, and therefore gained assets in a divorce
~ lost case at Supreme Court
~ 1968 Divore Act - made divorce easier but didn't address matromonial property -
Stella Bliss Case (1979)
~ gender roles - women expected not to work
~ Bliss gave birth in 1976 - wanted to return to work
~ didn't qualify for maternity leave but qualified for medical leave
~ argued her pregnancy was a medical condition
~ lost to Supreme Court
~ assumed that husband would be able to provide for her -
Divorce Act Amendment (1980)
~ amendments to 1968 Divorce Act made for equal assets between spouses in a divorce -
Period: to
Lesbian Radical Sex Subculture (1980s)
~ pushed boundaries of female sexuality and sexual espression -
Sandra Lovelace UN Case (1981)
~ married non Native man in 1970 - lost status
~ divorced husband - her and her children did not have status
~ 1974 - Supreme Court upheld law that denied her and her children Native status
~ brought case to UN Human Rights Committee
~ 1981 - UN found Canadian government had discriminated against Lovelace
~ Canadian political embarrassment helped drive amendements to Indian Act in 1985 (Bill C-31) -
Operation Soap (1981)
~ Toronto Police raid on four gay bathhouses -
Bill C-31 Indian Act Amendments (1985)
~ amendments permitted bands to apply to create their own membership rules
~ reinstated persons who had lost status as a result of older provisions
~ replaced patrilineal eligibilty with gender neutral eligibility rules
~ residual sex discrimination - band could still deny women status
~ largely driven by the Sandra Lovelace case in 1981 - brought band membership case to UN Human Rights Council -
Mary Two-Axe Earley Regains Native Status (1985)
~ Mohawk woman from Quebec
~ married Irish man in 1930's - lost status
~ 1967 - camapgined for FN rights
~ July 5, 1985 - became first person to regain Native status -
Federal Employment Equity Act (Canada) (1986)
~ women received equal pay in Canada -
Period: to
Third Wave Feminism (1990s to present)
~ diverse women with diverse identities
~ see themselves as strong, capable, assertive social agents
~ self-assertive feminism
~ embraced ambiguity
~transnational/global feminism
~ note - exists from 1990s to present - for timeline only extends to the year 2000