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A cult of healing priests that founded and ran the world's first Asklepieia.
Asklepieia were a temple, a spa and a healing centre.
People travelled to visit and be healed in well known asklepieia. The priests that worked here were Therapeutae. -
The "father" of Western Medicine, trained as a Therapeutae in the Asklepieion of Kos. -
The corpus consists of ~60 texts attributed to Hippocrates but it is possible it includes works from his students and family members; the corpus is sometimes contradictory to itself
The corpus is built on all bodily processes, health, and disease can be explained by natural phenomena in a secular manner; you must understand the body and environment as a whole to treat it.
The humours are introduced: phlegm, yellow bile, black bile, and blood. Imbalance of the humours causes sickness. -
The corpus consists of ~60 texts attributed to Hippocrates but it is possible it includes works from his students and family members. Emphasis on the healing of the body as a whole through regimen which healed body, mind, and soul. Illness was thought as preventable.
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Wanted to create a system out of Hippocrates.
Born what is today Turkey to an Upper class family.
Studied at an Asklepeion in Pergamum then went Alexandria to study philosophy and medicine
Galen's Corpus remains very consistent unlike Hippocrates whom he studied
Expanded on the humoural theory; introduced seasons, organs, personality and the elements into balance. Emphasized philosophy and logic. Denounced drugs. -
Was a physician to gladiators and eventually preformed anatomical demonstrations (on animals) for Roman elites
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At this time the Greco-Roman medical tradition preached illness had natural rather than spiritual cause and only medicine could heal it. Conflicting Christ. faith believed illness was punishment and medicine helped but prayer cured.
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Received divine relation through the Angel Gabriel - writing the Quran
Strict monotheism -
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Translater of 129 Galenic works
By this time most of our glanic texts of today have been translated -
Here Al-Razi recounts stories of past patients in detail, like Hippo focused in empirical healing rather than theory like Galen. This is seen in linking prognosis to observation and a stress on learning every detail. Emphasizes the practicle side and replaces the Pagan gods with Allah
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Believed theory was secondary to practice
acted more like Hipp. kept notebooks on practices
was a little critical of Galen -
"Canon of Medicine" written by Ibn Sina
an encyclopedia of medicine
The five books/chapters
B1: ‘Universals’ of medical theory; B2 Simple drugs; B3 Diseases (from head to foot); B4 Pathology that are not covered in b3 (likewounds, poisons, surgery, gynaecology); B5 Compound drugs
cerca 1000 -
Had access to Galen's copus and synthesized is
Wrote the Cannon of Medicine
created 5 "books" see Kitab al-Qanun -
The Euro debate: how do we define Uni
Here a Uni = formal lectures - formally educated people in a series of lectures -
In the early 1000s Greco Arabic medical works were translated into Latin to be consumed in the west more easily
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Translayed Medical Question - Hunayn and The Art of Healing - Galen
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started a tranlation project of Ptolemy and Aristotle also translated 8 works of Galen, the Canon of Avicenna, and a few from Al-Razi
The Canon became one of the dominate books in the west -
The Euro debate: how do we define Uni
Here there is a corporate body of teachers and students where the students pay for education
Legal institution with a contract -
Influential french physician at the time of the trained university physician. Found it important to distinguish the educated and the empiric. Believed if a patient wished to test the legitimacy of the physician they would bring fake urine samples. His writings present a current of public skepticism of the medical field
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This piece acts as a warning to physicians over deceptive patients as they present wine as urine. This was Greco-Arabic -> Latin texts based. Pulse and urine were used to determine illness. Arnau encourages discrete inspection of urine if it may be fake showing that a physician must protect their authourity. -
Born in Florence son of a lawyer was moved to Provence in 1312 and studies in France.
Was a poet and scholar in classical studies recognize by Rome and France.
wrote letters to friends during the plague -
An instruction manual for a dissection. Guides the student through the dissection.
In every edition there are images of public anatomies (a dissection performed on display for students and others from town)
Ancient errors are still being made
[image]
The man cutting is a barber (surgeon) untrained
The professor reads the manual about cutting the man on the right is instructing the surgeon while the prof reads -
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This is the most well documented instance of plague as there is not much straightforward written record that alludes to it in Asia though we know it was there as well and in Africa. It is believed that the infection originated somewhere in central Asia. -
A rumour that the plague was caused by Jewish people poisoning the drinking water began. Cemented by confession coerced via torture.
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Some were put "to the wheel" they were killed burnt in Stuttgart.
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A report from the Paris medical facility for the king. The first time the king consults academics and doctors on a health crisis that we have documented. The most authoritative surviving writing on the plague.
Claim alignment of Mars Saturn and Jupiter cause plague from toxic air
Discusses astrological as one of the causes along with gods discontentment with humans as cause. Cite Aristotle and Hippocrates - Also uses this to blame unseasonable weather at an extreme.
explanation w/out cure. -
From May-June in 1349 Petrarch and one in 1350. Note in these letters he address his friend as "Socratese"
Letter 1
laments the loss of his friends. "on comfort we shall follow those who went before"
Letter 2
Returns to Italy. Asks what happen to all there friends, what took them.
Letter 3
Speaks to Paganino da Milano and how he wishes his friend could have met him. Notable passage "I should have some tears for whatever may befall in the future" -
Explores attitudes towards Jewish people at the time of Black Plague
Blame placed on them led to violence and mistreatment
The Jewish people protected by the Duke of Austria are called for to be executed by his people and so he does. -
From Petrarch to friend Heyligen
Petrarch laments lost friends
General feeling of hopelessness
He will follow his friends in death eventually -
Wrote to Pope Clement the VI advising against taking many physicians on, the piece we read was in response to a physician angry at Petrarch for his ridicule and suggestions
serves as an acute critic of physicians and their actions during plague
highlight's Petrarch's cynicism; Physicians were making more money than ever now making it easy to paint them as greedy
Petrarch claims physicians wrongly call themselves philosophers - he brings attention to the flaws in the trade. -
Supports planetary conjunction theory. Highlights lack of definitive explanation
Acknowledges anti-Semitic belief
Emphasizes importance of regimen
Plague affected those who lived evil lives
touches on astrology as an active cause sin as the passive one -
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Addressed by the ambassador to King Henry VII of France and England
contains 34 points containing the rules and regulations of the hospital
contained female nurses and surgeons which is rare -
A prominent surgeon who had experience treating kings, pioneered new surgical techniques
considered a key figure in surgery and modern forensic pathology -
Born in Brussels; Father was pharmacist to Emperor Charles. Study Medicine in Paris and was inspired by Anatomical procedure. Gifted in cutting, was made to be the man that guided the barber.
Influential in anatomy in medicine
Went to Padua for his pHd -
Was invited to observe anatomical demos with Matteo Cortti (Highest paid prof.) as a lecturer.
Lecture in the morning a dissection in the afternoon (plan)
Vesalius was to be the demonstrator but he wanted to teach and show inconsistencies in the lectures based on Galen.
Vesalius asked Cortti to do it himself when he was upset. Vesalius continues to challenge
We know this from Baldasar Heseler (a students) notes. -
Addressed to the HRE Charles V a declaration to revolutionize science
The most scientific book of the 16th century. The book is the body and the body is the book
Acknowledges Galen's newer textbook that shows Galen was open to being corrected
Argues for Academics performing the dissections as this is how Galen would
"I [urge] medical students by every means possible to take on dissections with their own hands"
lays the foundation for modern anatomy
Vesalius' challenge let drs dicover -
Reveal the psychological aspect of disease (delusions of syphilis)
speaks on gun wounds, amputations, plagues, and birth anomalies
Includes references to Christianity
The onion on burns anecdote - an example of physician's learning empirically through practice now -
A well-known midwife married to surgeon which likely had influence on her work
she took on the role to support her family
Compiles a rare account of midwifery due to her interactions with the elites -
sheds light on societal and scientific understanding of anomalies
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Highlights the difference in roles between women and men in the medical field
female professionals were largely confines to care-taking and administering remedies
passage highlighted: She is judged for her husband's profession