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The Greeks introduced basic science and research concepts such as observation, induction (bottom-up) and deduction (top-down).
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Plato believes the what's real is underneath the observable, what is sensed is manifestation of underlying principles.
Introduced theory of recollection, one of the first examples of a priori knowledge. -
What's real is the visible world.
Introduced direct observation. -
Rationality of statements, discovery (methods of science, or history) and justification (method of logic, interpretation of discoveries)
It emphasizes the role of evidence over innate ideas. -
Suggested that inductive reasoning is superior to syllogism
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Introduced mind-body dualism
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Emphasizes how theory affect the society in practical ways.
People start to reject authority that is not backed up with reasoning or logic. -
Beginning of Empirical Realism
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Introduced the methods of science: method of agreement, method of difference, joint method, method of residue, and the method of concomitant variations.
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Explained natural selection in detail and presented evidence leading to increasingly wide acceptance of the occurrence of evolution.
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Connection between the activity in certain areas of human brain and speech production & language comprehension
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Introduced inhibitory responses in central nervous system.
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The belief that reality must be experienced. John Dewey stated that we should use empirical research and factual data to explain and discuss natural phenomena .
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Method of tenacity and the method of authority
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Established psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany to separate psychology from philosophy.
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Taught and wrote on the basic principles of pragmatism
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Analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience to contrast among elements in a conceptual system to reflect/uncover patterns underlying a superficial diversity.
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as part of his social learning theory
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Established by Ernst von Brucke, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Melanie Klein.
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Investigated how a formerly neural stimulus affected behavior after being paired with a stimulus that affected the behavior previously.
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also known as Pavlovian Conditioning
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Watson published "Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It" in which he discussed psychology as directive experimental branch of natural science, which in turn means that we can predict and control behavior.
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Watson and respondent conditioning, classic SR psychology, elicited behavior
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Watson and Rayner experiment with classical conditioning on humans
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Interbehaviorism as a naturalistic system of psychology
Kantor later published "Interbehavioral Philosophy" in 1981 in which he further discussed interbehaviorism. -
refined functionalism
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Discussed the use of logical analysis of scientific concepts: verification, physicalism and unity of science
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The attempt to describe all scientific concepts using measurable observations.
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proposed S-O-R formulation
Neo-Methodological Behaviorism -
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introduced operant conditioning
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Skinner first mentioned the term Radical Behaviorism in "Psychological Review". He used the term to distinguish radical behaviorism from methodological behaviorism for the former denies the existence of mental entities but instead proposed the discussion of private events.
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Forger of ABA by developing "discrete trial training" procedure.
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Skinner distinguished verbal behavior from linguistics in the book where he introduced 6 basic verbal operants.
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Criticized Skinner's behaviorism
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Widely used for fluency training
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As behaviors that occur after contacting rules that describe contingencies instead of directly contacting the contingency.
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Keller designed Personalized System Instruction (aka Keller Plan) for college students.
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aka Paradigmatic behaviorism. Studies human behavior such as personality, culture, and human evolution based off animal behaviors.
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Bandura added mediating process between stimuli and responses, as well as learning through observation to classical and operant conditioning.
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