-
The refusal to obey unjust or immoral laws. Rosa Parks practiced civil disobedience by sitting in the white section of the bus.
-
Black codes were local laws that took rights from black people and forced them to do things like step out of the way for white people and to avoid eye contact with them. They often used loopholes to achieve this.
-
The 13th Amendment was ratified, making slavery and all forms of involuntary servitude unconstitutional. This excludes cases where it is a punishment for a crime, and the due processes have taken place.
-
The 14th Amendment was ratified, which made any person born within the United States a citizen. It also stated that any attempts by the states to deprive citizens of their life, liberty, property, privileges, or immunities were unconstitutional.
-
Tenant farming was the renting of farmland to work on, while sharecropping was tenant farming, but you had to share a portion of the harvest with the landowner.
-
The 15th Amendment stated that it was unconstitutional to deny or abridge the right to vote to any person for their race, skin color, or any past servitude.
-
Laws that made separate facilities for black and white people. The black facilities were usually worse. It politically and socially controlled the black population, and made them feel inferior.
-
The court case that decided that "Separate but Equal" laws were constitutional.
-
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on their gender.
-
This amendment moved the date of the final day of a president's term to January 20th from March 4th, and the final day of a Congressman's term to January 3rd from March 4th. This was an attempt to eliminate "Lame Duck" leadership.
-
Physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. A jack of all trades. He advocated for Hispanic-American rights, and was rewarded with the Medal of Freedom. He was the first Mexican-American member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission.
-
The court case that decided that having separate schools for black and white children was unconstitutional.
-
President Truman ended segregation in the military by executive order in 1948. Desegregation of public schools was started by Brown v. Board of Education in 1955. More desegregation took place afterward, until it was fazed out.
-
Rosa Parks worked for the NAACP, and worked closely with Martin Luther King Jr. Following in the footsteps of Claudette Colvin, she refused to give up her seat on a public bus.
-
Montgomery busses were segregated so that black people had to sit at the back of the bus, and give up their seats to white people. This year-long boycott stopped people from riding the busses until the problem was eventually resolved.
-
The governor of Arkansas during the desegregation of schools. He sent the Arkansas National Guard to stop the Little Rock Nine from entering their school. President Eisenhower had to send the U.S. Army to escort the students.
-
This act kickstarted the enforcement of the Constitution on segregation, and was the first act of its kind in over 70 years.
-
A type of peaceful protest in which people occupy a space. These were sometimes met with violence. The most famous case happened in Greensboro, North Carolina at a restaurant counter.
-
A policy of favoring members of disadvantaged groups who have suffered discrimination.
-
A labor leader and civil rights activist for farm workers, improving their treatment and pay. With Dolores Huerta, he co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. He led a boycott to bargain for the right of farm workers to unionize.
-
The governor of Alabama. "I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. He ran for President 4 times, but never won.
-
An American writer and activist who wrote "The Feminine Mystique," which explored nontraditional roles for women.
-
A preacher who advocated for nonviolent protests and equal rights. He was arrested for protesting and was eventually assassinated. King was the youngest man to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
-
A type of protest where violence of any kind is not permitted. It was advocated by Martin Luther King Jr. Some examples include peaceful protests and sit-ins. The idea was influenced by Thoreau and Gandhi.
-
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on a failure to pay poll taxes or other kinds of taxes.
-
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or place of birth.
-
A federally funded educational program that serves high-school students from low-income families, and those whose parents have less than a bachelor's degree. It came from the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.
-
A U.S. Department of Health and Human Services program that provides services like early childhood education and health to low-income children and their families.
-
The Voting Rights Act protected the voting rights of black men during a time when many were cheated from them.
-
A governor of Georgia and segregationist. When he was a restaurant owner, he refused to serve black people. Despite this, he oversaw many improvements to employment rights for black people as governor.
-
A distinguished lawyer and the grandson of a slave. He argued and won Brown v. Board of Education in 1955. Marshall was the 1st African American Supreme Court Justice in 1967. He established a record for supporting the voiceless Americans.
-
A form of vigilante justice in which a person, usually black, is hung. The last lynching occurred in 1980, and was of a man named Michael Donald.
-
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on their age. The Amendment also lowered the minimum voting age to 18 from 21.
-
A federal law that's part of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. It prohibited discrimination by gender of education services receiving Federal financial assistance.
-
A federal law that's part of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. It prevents discrimination or denial of educational services receiving Federal financial assistance.
