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Officially abolished slavery throughout the United States, marking a turning point in civil rights and freedom.
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Established the process for Southern states to rejoin the Union and placed them under military rule during Reconstruction.
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The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Utah, connecting the coasts and revolutionizing U.S. transportation.
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The first federal law to outlaw monopolies and promote fair business competition.
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A violent confrontation in South Dakota that ended Native American resistance to U.S. expansion.
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Supreme Court ruling that upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
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A brief conflict that resulted in U.S. control over former Spanish territories and expanded American global influence.
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A series of reforms aimed at consumer protection, corporate regulation, and natural resource conservation.
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The U.S. declared war on Germany, entering WWI and helping turn the tide in favor of the Allies.
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Granted women the right to vote, a landmark moment in American democracy and women’s rights.
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Triggered the Great Depression, the most severe economic downturn in U.S. history.
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A set of government programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.
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A surprise Japanese attack on a U.S. naval base that brought America into World War II.
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Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy, France, in a major offensive against Nazi forces.
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A massive U.S. aid program to rebuild Western Europe after WWII and prevent the spread of communism.
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Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.
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Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public spaces and employment.
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U.S. military involvement dramatically increased under President Johnson, deepening the controversial war.
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A political scandal that led to President Nixon’s resignation and eroded public trust in government.
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52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days at the U.S. Embassy in Iran, creating a major diplomatic crisis.