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Planning Regulations
Planning regulations include all orders, bylaws, and regulations imposed or granted under them that are designed to restrict or regulate construction, destruction, change, or use of land or buildings, or to maintain or protect the nation's legacy. -
Commuting
Commuting is usually travelling between work and home, it involves all different types of transportation like trains, buses, cars or even bikes! Better paying jobs started coming to light, and majority of the time they were in the bigger cities, meaning more people had to start commuting more frequently. -
Increase of Car Ownership
Over the last 60 years car ownership has increased significantly for a majority of reasons, a big factor is the rise in personal income and economic growth, which has actually made cars more affordable for majority of people. As well as there being more road networks and improvement of infrastructure across the United Kingdom has encouraged more people to buy a car. -
Emissions
Compared to 1990, the UK's emissions have decreased by 53%, and its GDP has increased by 82%. The decline in petrol use of 11% was the main cause of the 2023 emissions reduction. This was caused by above-average temperatures, weak underlying demand brought on by high costs, and increased electricity imports following the French nuclear fleet's recovery. -
Taxes
Taxes are payments that people and businesses have to make to the government, and they help fund public services and programmes such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, and defence. -
Noise Pollution
The risk caused by noise pollution is invisible to us. Even though it is invisible, it exists both below the surface of the ocean and on land. Any unpleasant or disturbing sound that has an impact on people's health or the health and wellbeing of other living things is regarded as noise pollution. It has got increasingly worse over the last 60 years due to the increase in cars and infrastructure. -
Privatisation
Privatisation is moving something from the public sector into the private sector, companies like British Rail has been privatised. The economy in the UK has changed since more companies get privatised because it opens up more competition for the companies. -
Air Passenger Duty
Air passenger duty is a charge for the people flying from United Kingdom airports to international and domestic destinations. This has thoroughly increased over the last few years, as income is also increasing. -
Opening of the Channel Tunnel
The channel Tunnel is a 50.46-kilometer submerged railway tunnel that spans the English Channel at the Strait of Dover, linking Folkestone and Coquelles. It was inaugurated in 1994. Between the European mainland and the island of Great Britain, it is the only permanent connection. -
Introduction of Budget Airlines
EasyJet and Ryanair was the first companies to come out with 'Budget Airlines'. This was how the low-cost travel industry began. -
Online Check-In
Online check-in got released in 1999, by Alaska Airlines! The system that it was released on was going to be on a limited basis which started half way through 1999, the service was available to the general public on certain flights. Airlines like British Airways and Lufthansa followed in Alaska Airways path and opened their online check in, in 2000! -
Changes in Demand - Customer Lifestyle
Customer lifestyles has changed drastically in recent years, people are more fundamentally interested in helping the environment, and finding ways to travel without polluting the environment! More sustainable ways of travelling are becoming increasingly popular, like bicycles, buses and walking are more popular than ever before due to the realisation of how polluted our environment is. -
Income
Income has increased massively over the past few years, with minimum wage going up nearly every year by at least 5%. This gives people more chances to be buying things like holidays, staycations, and expensive cars. This also means people have more disposable income. -
Introduction of Congestion Charges
The first successful congestion charge scheme was introduced on 17th February 2003. Driving through Kings Cross in the north to Elephant and Castle in the south, Hyde Park Corner in the west and Old Street roundabout to the east, can get you charged with congestion charges. -
Smart Motorways
The first smart motorway was built on the M42 back in 2006! This was then also expanded into two sections of the M6 in Birmingham, and soon plans were made to filter into the M1, M4, M6, M60 and M62! -
Airport Expansion
Airport expansions are happing a lot of the timer, however they can cause a lot of issues for global warming and climate change because there will be more planes running, more noise pollution, and the airports carbon footprint will increase. -
Widening of Motorways
The government signed a private contract in 2009 which was worth £6.2 billion, to widen the motorway and junctions across the motorway surrounding London, the first widened section opened in May 2009. -
Protest Camps
A protest camp is a real camp that activists construct in order to serve as a base for their protests or to physically block the site of their protests in order to delay, hinder, or prohibit it. Protest camps have increased since 2011! -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/rb/rb174.html#:~:text=The%20Origins%20of%20Low%2DCost,Airlines%2C%20which%20pioneered%20the%20concept. https://www.gov.uk/ https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-uk-emissions-in-2023-fell-to-lowest-level-since-1879/#:~:text=The%20UK's%20emissions%20are%20now,demand%20driven%20by%20high%20prices. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/noise-pollution/ -
BIBLIOGRAPHY X2
https://www.theguardian.com/travel/from-the-archive-blog/2019/may/01/channel-tunnel-opens-eurostar-may-1994
http://aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:low-cost-airlines:a-brief-history-the-current-state#:~:text=In%20Europe%20the%20low%20cost,the%20low%20cost%20airline%20industry.
https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/m25motorwaywidening/