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Increased Visual Movement
Films, Pictures, Lantern Slides - Visual Instruction Movement -
History of Instructional Media (HIM) School Museums - 1905
The first school museums open. The first being in St. Louis. Shortly after museums in Reading, Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio opened. -
First Catalog of Instructional Films was published in the US (HIM) - 1910
Public school system of Rochester, New York was the first to adopt films for regular instructional use. -
Association for Educational Communications and Technology (HIM) - 1923
Three professional organizations for visual instruction merged to create the organization to which we now call the AECT. -
Instructional Radio (HIM) - 1930
In the 1930's radio gained attention but due to the lack or reception and poor radio signals it did not have a large impact. -
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Psychologists of WWII (HID) - 1940s - 1950s
Psychologists and educators used their knowledge of evaluation and testing to develop training materials and screening programs to help assess the skills of trainees and select individuals for training programs which significantly increase the percentage of personnel who successfully completed the program. -
World War II Events (HIM) - 1943
Audio visual instruction movement slowed in schools however, Audio visual devices were used extensively in the military services and preparing civilians to work in industry. Military training films became popular. Division of Visual Aids for War Training was established by the federal government. Over 400 training films were produced for instruction. Other equipment used were overhead projectors, slide projectors, simulators, and audio equipment. -
Instuctional Television (HIM) - 1950
1950's brought tremendous growth in television instruction. The Growth was stimulated by 2 factors. 1. 1952 decision by the Federal Communications Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. Led to rapid development of public television stations. 2. Funding provided by the Ford Foundation. Agencies spent more the 170 million on educational television. -
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The Programmed Instruction Movement (HID) - 1950s-1960s
Major Development in Systems approach. Skinners article The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching. Minor Revolution in the field of Education. -
Behaviorism Theory
B. F. Skinner Learning from the Responses around us. Stimuli and Response -
Sputnik (HID) - 1957
Soviet Union Launches Sputnik. US government shocked by the success of the launch poured millions of dollars into improving math and science education in the United States. Michael Scriven coins formative evaluation (Tryout and Revision Process) and summative evaluation (the testing of instructional materials after they are in their final form) in order to give educators to examine materials and revise them while the materials were still in the formative stages. -
The Criterion-Referenced Movement (HID) - 1960
Test designed to measure how well and individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how well others perform. Robert Glaser was 1st to use the team "Criterion-referenced measures" in order to assess student entry-level behavior and determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. -
1963 Definition Department of Audiovisual Instruction
rather then focus on media, it focused on the design and use of messages which control the learning process -
Robert M. Gagne: Domains of Learning, Events of Instruction, and Hierarchical Analysis
The Conditions of Learning publication which Gagne described five domains, or types of learning outcomes. Verbal information, intellectual skills, psycho motor skills, attitudes and cognitive strategies -
General Systems Theory
Silvern - approach to accomplishing learning tasks and solving instructional problems. -
The Systems Approach (HID) - 1970s
New models created for systematically designing instruction several which became standards in the field. -
Cognitive Information Theory
focused on the memory that is stored in our brain -
1977 Definition Association for Educational Communication and Technology
Educational technology is complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning. AECT -
Growth and Redirection (HID) - 1980s
Increasing interest in the use of personal computers for instructional purposes. Many instructors turned their attention to computer based instruction. -
Using Computers for Instructional Purposes - 1983
January 1983, computers were being used in 40 percent of all elementary schools and more then 75 percent of all secondary schools in the US for instruction. -
Recognizing the Importance of Performance (HID) - 1990s
Human performance improvement movement emphasized on the job performance, business results, and non instructional solutions to performance problem. Computers started being used as an aid to improve on the job performance. -
The 1994 Definition Beyond Viewing Instructional Technology as a process
Instructional technology is a theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resource for learning. Microcomputer, CDROM, Internet -
The Latest AECT Definition
Educational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. -
Distance Learning in Higher Education Grows
Online Enrollments and Higher education increases
Online Courses -
50% of college faculty use social media for instruction
view online videos, listen to podcasts, and read/create blogs