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Boston Smallpox Epidemic
Between the spring of 1721 and the winter of 1722, Boston was hit by the terrible Smallpox Epidemic. The Population of Boston was 11,000 at this time, and 6000 cases were reported, with 850 dying from the disease. Throughout the several epidemics of the 1700's, Smallpox was one of the most deadly diseases. -
Molasses Act
A British act imposed upon North Americans that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from countries other than Great Britain. This act was designed to make more money for Great Britain by controlling the colonist's trade. This made American colonists challenged to make profit from making rum, and began to fuel the later fire of the American Revolution. -
Albany Congress
In response to the tensions between the French and Native Americans, the Albany Congress convenes, marking an early attempt to unite the colonies based on on a design from Benjamin Franklin. The main purpose for this meeting was to develop a treaty with native Americans and plan the defense of the colonies against France. Although the Albany Plan of Union is not adopted, it lays the groundwork for future discussions on cooperation among the colonies. -
Treaty of Paris
This treaty ended the French and Indian/Seven Year's war and redrew to geopolitical landscape of North America. Britain gained control of Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi River. The treaty's aftermath contributed to the growing tensions that eventually led to the American Revolutionary War. -
Stamp Act
When the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, it imposed direct taxes on all legal and commercial documents. Diplomas, contracts, wills, and published materials all had to have stamps. This enraged colonists because it affected all of them now, whereas previously, only merchants had been taxed by British Parliament. -
Non-Importation Agreements
Colonists respond the British taxation by organizing non-importation agreements, a coordinated economic boycott of British goods. These actions show the growing unity among the colonies and their ability to leverage economic pressure for political pressure. The decision for the agreement was made as a way for the colonies to pretest and combat the 1767 Townshend Revenue Act (A tax on glass, lead, oil, paint, paper, and tea). -
Boston Massacre
Tensions escalate in Boston, culminating in the Boston Massacre, where British soldiers shoot at a crowd of colonists. The patriot mob threw snowballs, rocks, and sticks at the British soldiers to antagonize them. Several colonists were killed, thus highlighting the power dynamic between Britain and the colonies during this time. -
First Continental Congress
Representatives from twelve of the thirteen colonies (Georgia not included) gather in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress, a pivotal political event that set the stage for eventual independence from British legislature. This meeting was brought together to determine an answer to Parliament's recently enacted Coercive Acts. Some of the leaders that attended this meeting were George Washington, Patrick Henry, John Adams, Samuel Adams, and John Jay. -
Battles of Lexington and Concord
The first shots of the American Revolution are fired at the battles of Lexington and Concord, marking the beginning of armed conflict between American colonists and British forces. British troops marched into Lexington and Concord thinking that they were going to seize the colonists armories, but were faced with patriot militias. The colonists' alarm system brought local militia companies, enabling them to successfully combat the British soldiers. -
Declaration of Independence
The Continental Congress declares the thirteen American colonies independent from British Rule with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, a momentous political and philosophical statement. The Declaration of Independence states three basic ideas: (1) God made all men equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; (2) The main business of government is to protect these rights; (3) If a government tries to withhold these rights, the people can revolt. -
Articles of Confederation Adopted
After the Revolutionary War, Americans had to organize their system of government. The Articles of Confederation, however, were a reflection of America's greatest fears such as tyranny, corruption, monarchy, etc. The Articles were as follows: (I) America would be referred to as the United States of America; (II) No executive branch of government; (IV) No taxing authority & federal government was subsequent to state government; (V) Powerful states, weak government. (VI) Northwest Ordinance -
Siege of Yorktown
The Siege of Yorktown concludes with the surrender of British forces under General Cornwallis, effectively ending major military operations in the American Revolution. This battle made the British troops surrounded on a Peninsula in Yorktown. The British were essentially forced to surrender because they were continually decimated by the American troops, making them very low in resources and soldiers. -
Constitutional Convention
At the Constitutional Convention, delegates convened in Philadelphia to draft the United States Constitution, a crucial political event that establishes the framework for the federal government and addresses issues of governance. The debates from this meeting were about representation in Congress, slavery, and the new executive branch. The main conclusion of this convention was that the solutions to the problems was to set aside the Articles of Confederation and create a new constitution. -
Bill of Rights Ratified
The Bill of Rights that comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution, is ratified, securing individual liberties and addressing concerns raised during the ratification debates. This bill guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual, for example, freedom of speech, press, and religion. The ratification of this bill was a great starting place for the U.S. Government to determine future individual rights. -
Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, a technological innovation that revolutionizes cotton production and has profound economic and social implications for the southern United States. This revolutionary invention fueled the cotton industry to grow exponentially. While the cotton gin is great for the southern areas economies, it ultimately fuels slavery and encourages more horrid conditions for African-Americans. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
In response to perceived threats, the Federalist-controlled Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts, leading to political tensions and debates over the balance between national security and civil liberties. These Acts tightened the restrictions on foreigners in America and limited the freedom of speech and press if it was ever critical of the U.S. government. This also authorized the President to deport aliens and permitted their arrest. -
Louisiana Purchase
President Thomas Jefferson oversees the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the United States and setting the stage for westward expansion. This purchase held 530,000,000 acres of territory in North America that was purchased from France for $15 million. After this purchase, the United States doubled in size, expanding the nation westward. -
The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
Congress bans the importation of slaves, reflecting the evolving attitudes toward slavery and marking an early step toward its eventual abolition. This decision was made under Thomas Jefferson, where in his 1806 Annual Message suggested that it was time for action against slavery. Congress would give all slave traders nine months from when this act was enacted to close down their operations in the U.S. However, this act did not abolish the practice of slavery or the domestic slave trade. -
The British Burn Down the Capitol
The United States declares war on Britain in the War of 1812, a military conflict influenced by issues such as trade restrictions and impressment of American soldiers. In August 1814, British soldiers invade the U.S. and raid Washington D.C. The British were motivated to burn the U.S. capitol because American troops had previously attacked Canada and burned their government buildings. Some historians view the War of 1812 to be a second war for American independence, or a 'Revolution 2.0'. -
Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans, fought after the War of 1812 officially ends, becomes a symbol of American resilience and boosts national pride. Before this battle took place, Andrew Jackson recruits pirates, slaves, criminals, and Cajuns from New Orleans to help defeat the British. By the end of this battle, there were 2,042 British casualties and 71 American casualties. Andrew Jackson then became associated with ending (and winning) the War of 1812. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
In the McCulloch v. Maryland case, the Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of the national bank by rejecting Maryland's attempt to tax it. Chief Justice John Marshall, writing the majority opinion, argued that the creation of the bank was within Congress's implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause. The decision established the principle of federal supremacy, emphasizing the authority of the national government over state laws that might impede the execution of federal powers. -
Missouri Compromise
In an effort to maintain a balance between slave and free states, Congress passes the Missouri Compromise, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. This compromise also made all western territories north of Missouri's southern border free soil. After the Missouri Compromise, the U.S. Senate could now balance power between the north and south. -
Election of 1824/Corrupt Bargain
Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and W. H. Crawford were the presidential candidates in 1824. The Constitution states that you have to get a simple majority vote in order to become president, but in this election, no candidate had a majority vote, so the vote went to Congress. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams have a private meeting, and afterwards Clay publicly supports Adams and thus sways Congress to elect him. Adams then elects Clay as his secretary of state once in office. -
Tariff of Abominations/Nullification Crisis
The Tariff of Abominations sparks controversy over economic policies, leading to debates over states' rights and contributing to the Nullification Crisis. John C. Calhoun, the Senator of South Carolina, believed that the tariff was unconstitutional because it favored the northern states more than the southern states. Southerners saw that the Tariff of Abominations enhanced the northern manufacturing business and raised the cost of southern agricultural exportation. -
Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears
President Andrew Jackson signs Indian Removal Act, leading to the forced relocation of Native American tribes, primarily the Cherokee, along the Trail of Tears. The Native American people were moved to land west of the Mississippi River forcing them to adjust their lives to the new enemies and new terrain. An estimated 6,000 men, women, and children lost their lives on the the 1,200 mile Trail of Tears. The Native Americans were removed for the next 20 years after this act was enforced. -
Texas Independence
The Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico, eventually leading to its annexation by the United States by the United States in 1845. Mexican leaders became enraged at the Texans' declaration of being independent from Mexico, and battles being to unfold. In the end, the U.S. acquired the Texas territory and allowed Mexico to maintain their land south of the Rio Grande. -
Amistad Revolt
Enslaved Africans aboard the ship Amistad revolt against their captors, leading to a legal battle that raises questions about the international slave trade and the status of enslaved individuals. In 1839, African natives were kidnapped from eastern Africa and sold into the Spanish slave trade. The rebels were captured and tried in the United States, and were surprisingly freed in 1841. -
Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was a 2,000-mile-long pioneer route that stretched from Missouri to Oregon. It was used by thousands of emigrants seeking a better life in the West during the mid-1800s, particularly during the period of westward expansion in the U.S. The journey was full of challenges, including harsh weather, difficult terrain, and the risk of disease, leading to a significant number of hardships and casualties along the trail. An estimated 20,000-30,000 people lost their lives on this trail. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was a transitional step in America becoming a bi-coastal nation. This treaty stated that the Texas territory (land north of Rio Grande) would now U.S. soil, the Rio Grande is the border between Texas and Mexico, and that Mexico had to surrender the Mexican Cession (included present day Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and California). The U.S. would now be able to trade with Asia and India, and has access to the Pacific ocean. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention, held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Organized by prominent activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the convention issued the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for equal rights for women, including the right to vote. The Seneca Falls Convention is often considered the motivator for the women's suffrage movement in the United States. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was an attempt at and address of the issue of slavery in the newly acquired land from the Mexican-American War. The compromise included the admission of California as a free state, the formation of the Utah and New Mexico territories with popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery, and the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act, which required the return of escaped slaves to their owners. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 organized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and let the residents decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty. This effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had prohibited slavery in territories north of the 36°30' parallel. The act increased the sectional conflict over slavery, leading to violent confrontations in Kansas and contributing to the broader tensions that eventually led to the Civil War. -
Pottawatomie Massacre
John Brown, an abolitionist, led a raid on the pro-slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas in 1856, resulting in the brutal murder of five pro-slavery settlers with broad swords. Brown's actions were motivated by his fervent opposition to slavery and his belief in using force to end it. This event added to the escalating tensions between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the lead-up to the American Civil War. -
Dred Scott Decision
The Dred Scott Decision, delivered by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1857, said that even if slaves were taken to free territories, were not entitled to freedom and remained property. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney's decision further ruled that Congress lacked the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories, undermining the Missouri Compromise. The decision heightened tensions between North and South and contributed to the pre-Civil War divisions over the issue of slavery in the U.S. -
Fort Sumter
The attack on Fort Sumter occurred on April 12-13, 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. Confederate forces, led by General P.G.T. Beauregard, bombarded the federal fort located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, forcing Union Major Robert Anderson to surrender after a two-day siege. The fall of Fort Sumter shocked both the North and the South, leading to increased hostilities and the mobilization of troops on both sides as the nation descended into a full-scale conflict. -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act, enacted in 1862, was a pivotal piece of U.S. legislation that aimed to encourage westward expansion and settlement of the frontier. It provided 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee, given that they improve the land by building a dwelling and cultivating crops. The Homestead Act played a crucial role in shaping the demographics and development of the American West. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were to be set free. The proclamation had a significant impact on the Civil War by changing the nature of the conflict, making the abolition of slavery a central goal for the Union. However, its immediate effect was limited as it did not immediately free all slaves, and its enforcement depended on the Union's military success in the Confederate territories -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to 3, 1863, was a pivotal engagement in the American Civil War between the Union Army of the Potomac and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. It resulted in a Union victory and is often considered a turning point in the war. The battle's high casualties and Confederate General Robert E. Lee's failed invasion of the North had significant repercussions, weakening the South's chances for foreign support and boosting Union morale. -
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman's March to the Sea occurred during the Civil War in 1864, led by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. The campaign involved a strategic and destructive military advance from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia, with the goal of demoralizing the Confederate forces and civilian population. Sherman's forces engaged in widespread destruction of infrastructure and resources, implementing a scorched-earth policy that significantly weakened the Confederacy's ability to wage war. -
Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. It was a crucial step in the aftermath of the Civil War, marking the formal end of legal slavery in the country. The amendment states, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." -
Reconstruction Acts
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 were a series of laws passed by Congress to address the aftermath of the Civil War and the reintegration of Southern states. These acts divided the Southern states into military districts, placing them under Union military occupation and setting new requirements for readmission to the Union. They also mandated the creation of new state constitutions that included provisions for African American voting rights, aiming to have a more equitable post-war order. -
Transcontinental Railroad Completed
The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad occurred on May 10, 1869, when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met at Promontory Summit in Utah. This monumental achievement connected the East and West coasts of the United States, reducing cross-country travel time from months to days. The Transcontinental Railroad played a crucial role in facilitating trade, commerce, westward expansion, and transforming the nation's economic and social landscape. -
Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, granted African American men the right to vote. It explicitly prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The amendment aimed to address the systemic disenfranchisement of Black citizens and marked a significant step towards greater inclusivity in American democracy. -
Enforcement Acts
The Enforcement Acts, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts, were a series of laws passed by Congress in the 1870s to combat the violence and intimidation towards African Americans in the post-Civil War South. They empowered the federal government to prosecute those who violated the civil rights of individuals, particularly targeting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. The acts were instrumental in protecting the rights of newly freed African Americans during the Reconstruction era. -
Standard Oil Company Founded
The founding of the Standard Oil Company by John D. Rockefeller in 1870 had profound effects on the American oil industry. Through aggressive business practices and vertical integration, Standard Oil achieved near-monopoly control over the oil refining and distribution process. This dominance led to significant economic and political influence, ultimately resulting in the company's breakup in 1911 due to antitrust legislation, setting a precedent for future antitrust enforcement. -
1876 Presidential Election
The 1876 presidential election was one of the most disputed in U.S. history, involving Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. The results were inconclusive due to contested electoral votes in several Southern states. In the Compromise of 1877, Hayes was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction and intensifying racial segregation in the region. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first significant U.S. federal law restricting immigration based on nationality. It suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years and prohibited Chinese immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens. The act reflected widespread anti-Chinese sentiment and contributed to the establishment of discriminatory immigration policies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. -
Ghost Dance Movement
The Ghost Dance Movement emerged among Native American communities, particularly among the Lakota Sioux. It was a spiritual movement that prophesied a renewal of Native American traditions and the disappearance of white settlers. The U.S. government viewed the movement as a threat, leading to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where U.S. troops violently suppressed a gathering of Ghost Dance followers, making a tragic chapter in the history of Native American resistance. -
Dawes Act
The Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native American tribes by giving individual land plots to tribal members, with the surplus land sold to non-Native individuals. This policy had detrimental effects as it led to the loss of vast tribal lands and disrupted traditional Native American communal practices. The Dawes Act contributed to the further marginalization of Native Americans and the erosion of their cultural heritage. -
The Pullman Strike
The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a nationwide railroad strike initiated by employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company in response to wage cuts and poor working conditions. It paralyzed railway traffic across the country and led to violent clashes between strikers and federal troops, resulting in dozens of deaths and widespread unrest. The strike was eventually broken by government intervention, with Eugene V. Debs, the leader of the American Railway Union, being arrested. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
In the landmark case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The decision allowed for the establishment of Jim Crow laws, endorsing the segregation of public facilities based on race as long as the facilities were deemed equal. Plessy v. Ferguson remained precedent until it was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. -
De Lome Letter
The De Lôme letter, written by Spanish Ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, was intercepted and published by American newspapers. In the letter, de Lôme criticized President McKinley, calling him weak and indecisive. The letter's publication outraged the American public and fueled anti-Spanish sentiment, contributing to the already tense relations between the United States and Spain. This incident played a role in the lead-up to the Spanish-American War. -
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire had a major impact on the Progressive era. The fire caused New York State's labor code and fire safety measures' adoption. These safety codes were applied to the whole country. This event created public awareness of the importance and current lack of workplace safety for workers. The fire started multiple union movements that wanted to improve working conditions. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram, sent by German leader Arthur Zimmermann in January 1917, proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States if the Americans entered into World War I. The telegram was decoded by British intelligence and then shared with the American government. The American public were outraged and this helped sway people in favor of entering the war on the Allies side. The Telegram is one factor that led to the United States declaring war on Germany. -
Sedition Act of 1918
The Sedition Act aimed to suppress dissent during WWI by prohibiting disloyal, profane, or abusive language about the U.S. government, the flag, or the military. This act led to the arrest and prosecution of thousands of individuals, including socialists, anarchists, and anti-war activists. It sparked debates about freedom of speech and press, with many considering it a violation of constitutional rights. The Sedition Act was eventually repealed in 1920. -
The Great Steel Strike
The Great Steel Strike of 1919 involved over 350,000 steelworkers across the United States demanding better wages, shorter working hours, and union recognition. It was one of the largest labor disputes in American history, marked by violent clashes between workers, strikebreakers, and law enforcement. Despite widespread support, the strike ended in defeat for the workers due to the opposition of steel companies, government intervention, and the Red Scare. -
Volstead Act (18th Amendment) Ratified
The Volstead Act enforced Prohibition, banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. Its impacts were profound, leading to the rise of bootlegging, speakeasies, and organized crime. The Act fueled a black market for alcohol and contributed to corruption among law enforcement officials. Ultimately, it failed to achieve its intended goals and was repealed in 1933 with the ratification of the 21st Amendment. -
Women's Suffrage Granted/19th Amendment
The signing of the 19th Amendment granted women the constitutional right to vote, which was pivotal to reaching gender equality. This historic achievement empowered women to participate fully in democracy, catalyzing social and political change. It expanded the electorate and amplified women's voices in public discourse, influencing legislation and policy decisions. The amendment continues to shape American society by advancing the principles of equality and representation for all citizens. -
Immigration Act
The Immigration Act of 1924 established strict immigration rules based on nationality, favoring Northern and Western Europeans while limiting immigration from South and East Europe. It effectively halted the influx of immigrants from these regions and also imposed severe restrictions on immigration from Asia. This legislation aimed to preserve the ethnic uniformity of the United States. The act significantly reduced immigration levels and had long-lasting impacts on the demographics of the U.S. -
Stock Market Crash of 1929
The stock market crash of 1929, which occurred on October 29, 1929, triggered the onset of the Great Depression, marking a severe economic downturn lasting throughout the 1930s. It led to widespread bank failures, massive unemployment, and a sharp decline in industrial production. Many businesses collapsed, and millions lost their savings, homes, and jobs, creating poverty and social unrest. The crash highlighted the need for financial regulation and paved the way for significant intervention. -
The Bonus Army March
The Bonus Army was a group of WWI veterans who marched in Washington, D.C., demanding early payment of promised war bonuses. Their protest escalated into a confrontation with authorities, leading to violence and the evacuation of their makeshift camps. This highlighted the sad state of unemployed veterans during the Great Depression and increased public support for Roosevelt's New Deal policies. -
Prohibition Ends with Passing of 21st Amendment
The passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933 repealed Prohibition, legalizing the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. This led to the revival of the alcohol industry, created new jobs, increased tax revenue, and diminished organized crime associated with bootlegging. It also restored social freedoms and improved public opinion of the government. -
Unemployment Rate Reaches 25%
The unemployment rate reaching 25% in 1933 during the Great Depression marked a devastating economic crisis in the United States. Millions of Americans lost their jobs, leading to widespread poverty, homelessness, and despair. This high unemployment rate exacerbated the already dire conditions of the Depression era, prompting government intervention and the implementation of New Deal policies aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform. -
San Francisco General Strike
The San Francisco General Strike of 1934 was a citywide labor strike involving longshoremen, maritime workers, and other unions. It paralyzed the city for four days, shutting down the port and leading to violent clashes with police. The strike resulted in improved working conditions, higher wages, and union recognition for workers. Its success demonstrated the power of collective action and contributed to the growth of labor organizing across the United States. -
Indian Re-Organization Act of 1934
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 aimed to reverse the destructive policies of assimilation by promoting tribal self-government and cultural preservation. It halted the allotment of tribal lands and facilitated the restoration of some previous lands to Native American ownership. The Act also provided funds for infrastructure projects within Native American communities. Despite criticisms and limitations, it marked a significant shift toward revitalization of Indigenous cultures. -
Social Security Act
The Social Security Act of 1935 transformed American society by providing a safety net for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled through pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to families with dependent children. It significantly reduced poverty among the elderly and laid the foundation for the modern welfare state, reshaping the relationship between government and citizens. -
The Memorial Day Massacre
The Memorial Day Massacre occurred on May 30, 1937, during a strike at the Republic Steel plant in Chicago. Police opened fire on striking steelworkers and their supporters, resulting in ten deaths and many injuries. The event shocked the nation and drew attention to the brutal tactics used by authorities against labor protests. It galvanized public support for the labor movement and fueled demands for stronger worker protections and rights. -
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, enacted on June 25th, established the federal minimum wage, set standards for overtime pay, and prohibited child labor in certain industries. This landmark legislation aimed to ensure fair compensation for workers and improve working conditions across the United States. By setting a baseline for wages and hours, the FLSA helped combat exploitation and provided economic security for millions of workers. -
Executive Order 8802
Executive Order 8802, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry and federal government contracting. This order marked a significant step towards desegregation in the United States, particularly in employment opportunities during World War II. It led to increased African American participation in the workforce and paved the way for subsequent civil rights advancements. -
Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a devastating surprise military strike by the Japanese navy against the United States naval base in Hawaii. The assault resulted in significant damage to the Pacific Fleet, with the sinking of several battleships and the loss of over 2,400 American lives. This event propelled the United States into World War II, leading to its declaration of war against Japan the following day. Pearl Harbor also created national unity, fueling America's rapid mobilization for war. -
Executive Order 9066 is Signed
The signing of Executive Order 9066 in 1942 marked a pivotal moment in American history. It authorized the forced relocation and internment of over 120,000 Japanese Americans, including citizens, without due process. This action perpetuated racial discrimination and violated the civil liberties of an entire community based solely on ancestry. The internment had lasting effects on Japanese American families, causing trauma, economic loss, and the erosion of trust in the government. -
Detroit Race Riot
The Detroit race riot of 1943 was fueled by racial tensions, exacerbated by wartime conditions and competition for jobs. Lasting three days, it resulted in 34 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and significant property damage. Rumors circulated that a white man threw a black woman and her baby off a bridge, and similarly, a black man was accused of cat-calling a white woman. The riot underscored racial discrimination and segregation in housing and employment. -
World War II Comes to An End
World War II ended in 1945 due to a combination of factors: Allied victories in major battles (like Stalingrad and Normandy), Axis powers' diminishing resources and manpower, Allied bombing campaigns crippling Axis infrastructure, and the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, prompting Japan's surrender. Diplomatic efforts, such as the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, also played a crucial role in shaping post-war arrangements and facilitating the end of the conflict. -
G.I. Bill of Rights
The GI Bill of Rights had profound impacts on American society. It provided education, vocational training, and mortgage assistance to millions of returning World War II veterans, facilitating their reintegration into civilian life. This led to a surge in higher education enrollment, boosted the economy through skilled labor, and fostered post-war prosperity by expanding the middle class and homeownership. -
D-Day
D-Day, on June 6, 1944, marked the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. It was a pivotal turning point, launching a massive assault on Nazi-occupied France. The successful operation led to the liberation of Western Europe from German control. D-Day's impact reshaped the course of the war, hastening the downfall of the Axis powers and ultimately leading to victory for the Allies. -
U.S. Bombs Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 had profound and devastating impacts. They resulted in massive loss of life, estimated at over 200,000 people, and long-term health effects due to radiation exposure. The bombings also marked the beginning of the nuclear age, sparking global fear and tension during the Cold War. Additionally, they raised ethical questions about the use of nuclear weapons and fueled efforts toward nuclear disarmament. -
Truman Doctrine Announced by Truman
The Truman Doctrine, announced in 1947, was a US foreign policy initiative aimed at containing the spread of communism. President Truman declared that the US would provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communist expansion, notably Greece and Turkey. This doctrine marked a shift towards a policy of containment during the early years of the Cold War. -
Founding of NATO
The formation of NATO in 1949 had significant impacts on global geopolitics. It established a collective defense alliance among North American and European countries, primarily to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. NATO provided a framework for military cooperation, collective security, and deterrence against aggression, strengthening ties between member states and shaping international relations for decades to come. -
The Korean War Begins
The Korean War began in 1950 due to escalating tensions between communist North Korea, backed by the Soviet Union and China, and democratic South Korea, supported by the United States and its allies. The division of Korea after World War II, ideological differences, and North Korea's desire to reunify the peninsula under communism led to the outbreak of hostilities. -
Brown V. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. This decision effectively ended legal segregation in public schools, marking a crucial victory for the Civil Rights Movement. It overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson and laid the groundwork for future desegregation efforts. -
Rosa Parks Refuses to Give Up Her Seat
Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on a segregated bus in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a pivotal event in the civil rights movement. This act of defiance galvanized the fight against racial segregation and discrimination, leading to the eventual desegregation of public transportation and inspiring further activism for equality and justice. Parks' courage and determination symbolize the power of nonviolent resistance in effecting social change. -
Soviet Union Launches Sputnik
The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik in 1957 had profound global impacts. It sparked the Space Race, intensifying Cold War competition. It fueled fears of Soviet technological superiority, prompting increased U.S. investment in science and education. Sputnik also led to the creation of NASA and spurred advancements in space exploration, science, and technology worldwide. -
John F. Kennedy is Elected
JFK's presidency (1961-1963) had profound impacts. He inspired a new generation with his vision of progress and public service. Domestically, he initiated civil rights legislation and pushed for healthcare reform. Internationally, he navigated the Cuban Missile Crisis, promoted space exploration, and emphasized diplomacy. His assassination in 1963 left a lasting legacy of idealism and unfinished promises. -
Popularization of The Television
By 1960, 45,700,000 Americans had a television in their household. The TV became the leading source for news, entertainment, and advertising. Ultimately, this invention was great for the U.S. economy and new entertainment businesses. With more and more people watching TV during this time, they became much larger consumers and this was great for the advertising business. -
Publication of "The Feminine Mystique"
"The Feminine Mystique," published by Betty Friedan, challenged the notion that women could find fulfillment solely through marriage and motherhood. Its critique of the gender roles imposed on women sparked the second wave of feminism in America. The book inspired women to question societal expectations and demand greater opportunities in education, employment, and personal autonomy. Its impact reshaped cultural attitudes and policies, leading to advancements in women's rights. -
Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech
The "I Have a Dream" speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington in 1963 had profound impacts. It fueled the civil rights movement, inspired millions, and contributed to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. King's vision for equality and justice resonates globally, fostering ongoing activism for social change. -
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination. Its impacts were profound, fostering greater equality, empowering marginalized groups, and laying the foundation for subsequent civil rights advancements, reshaping American society and promoting a more inclusive and just nation. -
Voting Rights Act
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Formation of NOW (National Organization for Women)
The formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW) marked a pivotal moment in the feminist movement in America. NOW played a key role in advocating for women's rights, including equal pay, reproductive rights, and an end to gender-based discrimination. Its formation catalyzed a wave of activism that pushed for legislative changes and societal attitudes toward gender equality. NOW continues to be a prominent voice in the fight for women's rights and gender justice in the United States. -
Loving V. Virginia
Loving v. Virginia struck down state laws banning interracial marriage. The case affirmed the fundamental right to marry regardless of race, challenging discriminatory practices deeply rooted in American society. Its ruling invalidated anti-miscegenation laws, making interracial relationships more accepted and contributing to the civil rights movement. Loving v. Virginia significantly expanded individual liberties and marked a pivotal moment in the ongoing fight for racial equality in the US. -
Moon Landing/Apollo 11
The first moon landing in 1969, led by NASA's Apollo 11 mission, had profound impacts on America. It boosted national pride and confidence, showcasing American technological advancement during the Cold War. It inspired advancements in science and technology, leading to innovations in various industries. Additionally, it promoted international cooperation in space exploration and fostered a sense of unity among humanity in the quest for knowledge beyond Earth. -
NOW Women's Strike for Equality
The Women's Strike for Equality organized by the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1970 marked a significant moment in the feminist movement in America. It drew attention to the ongoing struggle for women's rights in various spheres, including the workplace, home, and society at large. The strike highlighted gender inequalities such as wage disparities, limited reproductive rights, and discriminatory practices in employment and education. -
Title IX of The Education Amendments
The passing of Title IX of the Education Amendments was a landmark moment in the fight for gender equality in the United States. It prohibited sex-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs and activities. Title IX had a big impact on American society by greatly expanding opportunities for women and girls in education, particularly in athletics and STEM fields. It paved the way for increased participation and success of women in sports, academia, and professional careers. -
Watergate Scandal
The Watergate scandal, unfolding in the early 1970s, had profound impacts on America. It ruined trust in the government, leading to widespread disillusionment. When Nixon resigned, this marked a significant constitutional crisis, reinforcing the system of checks and balances. Reforms ensued, including the strengthening of oversight mechanisms and the passage of campaign finance laws. The scandal left a lasting legacy of heightened scrutiny of executive power in American politics. -
Roe V. Wade
Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide, based on a woman's right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. It sparked intense debate and activism on both sides of the abortion issue, reshaping American politics and culture. The ruling significantly expanded women's reproductive rights but also led to ongoing legal and political battles over abortion access, state regulations, and the composition of the Supreme Court. -
President Gerald Ford Pardons Nixon for Any Crimes
Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974 was controversial, sparking debate over accountability and justice. While it aimed to heal the nation after the Watergate scandal, it fueled public distrust in government. Ford's decision likely cost him politically but may have prevented a prolonged legal battle, allowing the country to move forward. -
United States V. Nixon
United States v. Nixon was a vital case that upheld the principle of the rule of law over executive privilege. It established that the president is not above the law and must comply with judicial orders. The Supreme Court's unanimous decision compelled President Nixon to release the Watergate tapes, which ultimately led to his resignation, reinforcing the system of checks and balances in American governance. This case highlighted the importance of transparency and accountability in government. -
Vietnam War Ends
The Vietnam War severely damaged the U.S. economy. President Johnson refused to raise taxes for the war and instead allowed inflation to take place. The War also damaged the U.S. commitment to internationalism. It was a very positive thing when the war was over. -
Ronald Reagan is Elected
Ronald Reagan's presidency, from 1981 to 1989, reshaped American politics and society. Known for his conservative ideology, Reaganomics, and tough stance against communism, he implemented significant tax cuts, deregulation, and a military buildup. His policies contributed to economic growth but also widened income inequality. Reagan's leadership style and rhetoric revived American patriotism but also sparked debates on social issues like race relations and LGBT rights, leaving a complex legacy. -
9/11
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were a pivotal moment in modern history, leading to profound changes in American society and global politics. They prompted a heightened focus on national security, resulting in the implementation of far-reaching counterterrorism measures and the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. The attacks also sparked military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, shaping the course of U.S. foreign policy for years to come.