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Trust v Mistrust
Infants develop a sense of reliance on a caregiver. They either trust or mistrust the caregiver to meet their needs. This establishes feelings of hope or mistrust. -
Sensorimotor
Children begin to understand their world through their five senses. Key behaviors include tasting, touching, and manipulating a variety of objects. -
Autonomy v. Shame
Children between 18 months and 3 years of age begin to behave independently of their caregiver. Events such as potty training take place. It is imperative that children have the opportunity to explore their independence with positive reinforcement and minimal critique. -
Preoperational
Children begin to understand the concept of object permeance and gain a more clear comprehension of their physical environment. Their understanding is primarily limited to symbols and images. -
Intitative V Guilt
Children between the ages of 3 and 6 gain an increased amount of independence. They begin to develop an ear for responsibility and begin to take initiative and be assertive of their likes and dislikes. They may develop feelings of guilt if they are not given a chance to take initiative and assert independence. -
Concrete Operational
Children continue to develop a more in depth understanding of preoperational concepts. In addition, they begin to understand more complex concepts such as the conservation of mass. -
Industry V Inferiority
Children aged 6 to 12 years begin to determine a greater sense of self and take pride in their success and work. They become more closely connected to peers as opposed to parental figures and give value to the opinions of others. . -
Early Adolescence
Children experience physical changes as they approach puberty age. During this time, children undergo additional emotional and social developments. They place a greater emphasis on peer relationships and gain a sense of privacy and autonomy. -
Identity v. Role Confusion
Who am I? Children question their identity and their role within society. They may struggle with personal indecisiveness as they establish a more firm understanding of likes and dislikes. -
Middle Adolescence
Children begin to place greater emphasis on peer relationships and the opinions of others. An increased value is placed on physical attractiveness and perceived ability to succeed. Children may experiment or rebel against their norm as they develop a more firm identity. They are increasingly self involved. -
Formal Operation
Students begin to develop abstract thoughts. They are able to hypotheses and make predictions for the future, They understand most complex concepts. -
Late Adolescence
Children reach full maturity level physically. They have more concern for the future and their role within society. Individuals are able to better function independently of parental figures and gain financial and social independence. -
Intimacy V Isolation
Adults aged 18 to 40 years attempt to establish meaningful long lasting relationships and a sense of love. A negative outcome would be feelings of isolation and developing reclusive behaviors. -
Generativity V Stagnation
Middle aged adults reflect on their legacy and what they contribute to society. Individuals often strive to five back to the younger generation and make an impact for the future. -
Integrity V Dispair
Adults over the age of 65 reflect upon their life. They view it as either fulfilled and full of integrity or lacking fulfillment and developing feelings of despair.