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Established the Supreme Court
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keeps America neutral after France declares war on Britain, Spain, and Holland (example of U.S. foreign policy)
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1st time U.S. Government uses Federal troops to subdue domestic issues (Farmers did not like new excise taxes)
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U.S. cheaply pays 12 Native American tribes for Ohio territory
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French try to extort U.S. for diplomatic meetings – public wants war
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Alien & Sedition Acts – expands Gov’t power, limit dissent and weakening of Gov’t, ruled unconstitutional
-Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions – increase state rights over Federal rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison -
major religious reform movement; helps increase abolition
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1800 – Thomas Jefferson defeats John Adams (controversy); Aaron Burr is VP
-Alexander Hamilton suggests U.S. capital moves to Washington, D.C. (move helps gain
Southern support for Hamilton’s economics) -
John Marshall becomes first chief justice of the Supreme Court -Judiciary Act/Midnight Judges – Adams attempt to secure the Federalist party days before he is to leave office by appointing Federalists into office
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not known to Jefferson if it was constitutional to annex land, Congress approves purchase from France, doubles the size of U.S.
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placed by Jefferson on Britain/France; fails – hurts U.S. economy
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William Henry Harrison leads attack on Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe
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Native Americans begin attacking U.S. settlers (weapons provided by Britain)
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Congress declares war on Britain (issues – impressments, blockades, economy, Native Americans)
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Treat of Ghent ends War of 1812
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‘Era of Good Feelings’ (one party politics) begins in the U.S.
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New England’s states threaten secession; Federalist Party is no more
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Good relations with Britain begins (i.e. sharing of Oregon Territory)
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Underground Railroad provides Northern escape for slaves
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James Monroe elected 5th President (reelected in 1820)
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construction begins (connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean)
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ruling confirms Congresses’ right to found the 2nd Bank of the United States
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sets dividing line between free and slaves states at
latitude 36’30’ o Above line (free), Below line (slave) -
Stephen F. Austin establishes first U.S. Settlement in Texas
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claims western hemisphere closed to European intervention (first major U.S. foreign diplomacy)
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establishes federal control of interstate commerce
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Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on same day (50th anniversary of Dec. of Independence)
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Andrew Jackson elected 7thPresident
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First Jim Crow Laws established (legal segregation)
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U.S. destiny and duty to expand and conquer the west
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wants immediate emancipation (he was white)
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ends Mexican War, Mexico cedes Texas and all land north of the Rio Grande to U.S. (creates modern border of the U.S. with
Gadsden Purchase) -
North gets California as free states, ban of sale of slaves in D.C.
South gets stricter enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act, $10 mil to Texas -
Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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John Brown leads antislavery massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, fight over slavery in Kansas
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ruling effectively nullifies Missouri Compromise, declares that slaves are property – cannot sue.
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Stephen Douglas wins Illinois Senate seat. Lincoln a household name
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John Brown leads attack on arsenal at Harper’s Ferry; later captured and hanged
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– Abraham Lincoln elected 16th President; South Carolina secedes the Union = Civil War
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– Confederate States formed , Jefferson Davis – 1st and only President
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– Fort Sumter (S.C.) – confederates attack Union – war starts
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160 acres to each farmer willing to cultivate land in West
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bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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turning point of Civil War; South never recovers
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frees slaves in only Confederate states; foreign diplomacy!
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Atlanta to Savannah – destroys everything!
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abolishes slavery
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– Gen. Robert E. Lee (confederacy) surrenders at Appomattox Court House to Union Gen. Ulysses Grant
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– Abraham Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth; Andrew Johnson now President
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limits rights of freed blacks
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grants citizenship to all people born in U.S. (14th
Amendment -
used to impeach Andrew Johnson (said he had violated it)
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U.S. purchase Alaska from Russia (becomes 49th state in 1959)
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connects the coasts of the United States; greatest transportation achievement
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grants protection of voting rights to black males
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first black senator – Mississippi
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– greatest example of a political machine (NYC)
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authority of state governments over individuals
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corruption in Grants administration & Republican party
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– Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse lead Sioux to crushing victory of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn
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Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
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- Susan B. Anthony –leads to 19th Amendment
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Thomas Edison creates the electric light
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President James Garfield assassinated
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gradual approach to equal rights – prove yourself W.E.B Dubois – changes in civil rights now; founds the NAACP
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bans Chinese immigration for 10 years
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Standard Oil Trust; Andrew Carnegie – Steel
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denies tribal rights, advances forced assimilation, opens lands to whites
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Federal forces massacre 200 Sioux Indians
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Sherman Antitrust Act –restraints
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formed specifically to give farmers a voice in government
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– journalism that features unethical or unprofessional practices by news media
organizations or individual journalists -
‘Separate but Equal’ is constitutional (overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education)
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– voting rights of blacks challenged with literacy tests and poll taxes
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Teddy Roosevelt leads Rough Riders, U.S. crushes Spain’s Navy
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ends the Spanish-American War
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– U.S. attempt to gain foothold in Chinese markets
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President McKinley assassinated, Teddy Roosevelt now 26th President
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increases U.S. presence in Latin America
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writers who expose big business corruption
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set food quality standards
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connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (opens in 1914)
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Henry Ford introduces the Model T car, assembly lines introduced
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– establishment of income tax , 17th Amend.– direct election of senators
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World War I begins in Europe
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German U-Boat sinks British passenger liner Lusitania, Americans killed on board
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– gets warning from U.S
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– intercepted by British, asks for Germany/Mexico alliance against U.S.;
US. Enters WWI -
– establishes the draft
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by Woodrow Wilson, 14th pt most important – calls for League of Nations
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ends WWI; calls for heavy reparations on Germany, disarmament, and creation of League of Nations; U.S. Senate rejects it
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outlaws purchase, sale, and transport of alcohol
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women’s suffrage (right to vote)
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exposes massive corruption in Harding Administration
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ease war reparations on Germany
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popularizes debate over teaching evolution in schools – outlawed
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completes world’s first solo flight across Atlantic – seen as a hero
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– executed for murder; controversial because the were anarchists, politically
motivated and unjustified -
‘Black Tuesday’ – launches Great Depression
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Bonus Army (WWI vets) march on Washington demanding compensation – forced out
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected President
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U.S. unemployment rate reaches 25%, FDR claims Bank Holiday to fix banks
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– FDR address public on radio – continues to 1944 – gives public hope
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creation of countless jobs, most productive of any president’s 1st 100 days
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Unemployment Relief Act and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to employ public works
oAAA – controls crop production, compensates farmers for cooperation
oTVA – established to construct dams in Tennessee River to generate electricity
oNIRA – sets nationwide business practices
oNRA – manage industry recovery
oPWA – employ jobless -
criticizes FDR, “Share Our Wealth” proposes large tax burden on wealthy
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supports union rights, protects collective bargaining
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establishes funds for unemployed and elderly
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– FDR elected for unprecedented 3rd Term
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provides U.S. loan aid to Britain, USSR & allied powers
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agreement b/n U.S President FDR and Britain Prime Minister Churchill
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motivate U.S. citizens to support war efforts
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U.S. defeats Japan, seen as turning point in the war in the Pacific
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imprisonment of Japanese in California
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– creation of the Atomic Bomb
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– Allies invade Normandy, France on D-DAY, June 6, 1944 (largest land/sea invasion)
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– begins to break down Axis position on western front
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Allies liberate Nazi concentration camps in Eastern Europe
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FDR dies, Harry Truman becomes President; Adolf Hitler commits suicide
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Germany surrenders on V-E-DAY(victory in Europe day)
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U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug 9) – Japan surrenders
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United Nations created with 51 founding nations
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prosecute Nazi war criminals Baby Boom, Economic Prosperity,
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“Iron Curtain” – describes division of Communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe
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U.S. intent to fight Communism by helping free nations resist it.
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– postwar economic recovery to help Western Europe; largest relief aid given by the U.S. in U.S. history
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– USSR blocks all aid into West Berlin; Berlin Airlift – U.S. drops food and supplies by air to West Berlin
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Harry Truman orders desegregation of military
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– alliance system of 26 countries in North America and Europe
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Korean war begins ; U.S. aids South Korea against North Korea; Peace Treaty in 1953
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– begins rabid anti-communist campaign; hurt when he accuses military of having communists; alcoholic
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– Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage
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”-(Truman) must stop spread of all communism; “Domino Theory” (Eisenhower) – fears that Indochina must not go communist or it will spread all over the world
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overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson; says separate but equal is unconstitutional
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– temporally divides Vietnam at 17th parallel
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Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus to whites; sparks Montgomery Bus Boycott
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creates polio vaccine
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– Sputnik
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JFK vs. Nixon (JFK wins); JFK president 1960
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JFK launches New Frontier platform to help America
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Lunch Counter “Sit-Ins” spark waves of civil rights protest; SCLC created by MLK, Jr.
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failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. (CIA) trained military
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– divides East and West Berlin (East was communist)
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standoff b/n U.S. and USSR after Soviets placed missiles in Cuba pointed at the United States; no fighting incurs
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speech for civil rights
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– Lee Harvey Oswald assassinates JFK in Dallas, TX
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– launches “Great Society” program to end poverty and racism
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bans discrimination in education, employment, & public places
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broadens LBJ’s military powers in Vietnam – no declare war
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bans literacy tests for voting
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– blamed whites for African American problems; assassinated
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police must read suspects their rights
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– first black justice of the Supreme Court
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– hurts Civil Rights movement
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– turning point of U.S. in Vietnam
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Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Robert Kennedy, JFK’s brother; Richard Nixon voted President
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– Apollo 11 lands on the moon, Neil Armstrong first to walk on moon
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– U.S. soldiers kill 200 innocent men, women, and children
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– 7,000 page document outlining U.S. government plan in Vietnam; shows gov’t was not telling truth to public.
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Nixon authorizes break-in and wiretapping of Democratic National Committee headquarters in Watergate complex in Washington, D.C.
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– legalizes abortion (up to 3 months)
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fuel shortage in U.S. due to OPEC raising prices
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U.S. withdraws from Vietnam; North Vietnam overtakes South after departure
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Carter negotiates peace between Egypt and Israel
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nuclear power accident causes concern of nuclear safety
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Ronald Reagan elected 40th President
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Iran releases U.S. embassy hostages released after 444 days in captivity
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space based missile defense proposed
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– Space Shuttle Challenger explodes on takeoff, crew killed; space program never the same
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– U.S. bombs Libya for supporting Palestinians
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Osama Bin Laden founds Islamist group Al Qaeda
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Chinese government crushes pro-democracy revolt in Tiananmen Square
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– Berlin Wall falls (Reagan feels its U.S.’s great est accomplishment of the era)
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Saddam Hussein orders invasion of Kuwait; starts Operation Desert Storm
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Bill Clinton President; appoints Janet Reno first female attorney general