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Unequal social hierarchy with the privileged First and Second Estates (clergy and nobility) and the burdened Third Estate. -
Spread of concepts like liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty. -
French political philosopher who proposed the separation of powers in government. -
French philosopher known for his critiques of religion and advocacy for religious tolerance. -
Philosopher who wrote "The Social Contract" and emphasized the concept of the "noble savage". -
French philosopher and editor of the Encyclopedia. a major dissemination of Enlightenment ideas. -
Scottish economist who developed the theory of capitalism in "The Wealth of Nations". -
Italian philosopher who advocated for criminal justice reform in "On Crimes and Punishments". -
Queen of France, often associated with extravagance and unpopularity. -
Radical revolutionary leader during the Reign of Terror. -
Revolutionary leader who was eventually executed during the Reign of Terror. -
Inspiration from the successful American rebellion against British rule. -
Document outlining fundamental rights and freedoms. -
Popular uprising in Paris on July 14, 1789, marking the start of the revolution. -
Weak leadership and perceived excesses of the monarchy. -
Period of radical violence and executions led by Maximilien Robespierre. -
A weak, unstable government that followed the Reign of Terror. -
Napolean's seizure of power in France. -
Series of military campaigns across Europe led by Napoleon. -
Legal reforms instituted by Napoleon, establishing civil law. -
Considered Napoleon's greatest military victory. -
Economic blockade aimed at isolating Britian. -
Napoleon's final exile after his defeat at Waterloo.