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This case ended the “separate but equal” doctrine allowing all students, black and white, to receive the same opportunity of education in every school. In South Carolina, Virginia, Kansas, Washington D.C., and Delaware, schools where segregated meaning black students were being denied admission to public schools. Thus, the Brown vs. Board of Education court case ended segregation in public schools, since it was violating the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment of the United States. -
This law was passed by President Johnson to provide equal success of quality education to students. This act uses funds to provide elementary and secondary schools with instructional materials, professional development, and supporting programs. The government has reauthorized the act every five years since its enactment. -
PARC v. Pennsylvania was one of the first cases to establish that people born with an intellectual disability should have the same access to education as the rest of the population. This case was argued on behalf of fourteen families with intellectually disabled children who were unable to access to public schools based on their child’s disability. Also, the United States Congress passed a law that eliminated the term "mental retardation" and replace it with the term: "intellectual disability." -
The D.C had banned students with alleged mental, behavioral, physical, or emotional disabilities from participating in a public education program. A class action lawsuit similar to the PARC case was filed on behalf of seven children and other similarly situated students. Federal court in D.C. found that the rights of children to a public school education had been violated. They further stated that available funds now must be used fairly, so that no child is completely excluded from education. -
After the PARC and Mills decisions, Congress launched an investigation to determine how many special needs children were not receiving proper education. According to the Disability Education Agency, only 3.9 million disabled children out of more than 8 million actually received an appropriate education. In 1972, the law was introduced in Congress after several "important cases” that legally established the right to education for all children with disabilities. -
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in federal agency programs, federally funded programs, federal employment, and federal contractor employment. This includes public preschool, elementary, secondary and postsecondary schools. Under Section 504, students with disabilities have rights to reasonable accommodations. These accommodations should be outlined in a 504 Plan. (https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/504faq.html) -
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is a federal law that gives parents the right to access their children's education records, the right to request changes to information, and the right to exercise some control over the release of personal information. Information is identifiable from training records. When a student turns 18 or enters postsecondary education at any age, FERPA rights transfer from the parents to the student. -
The HCPA is a solution to the absence of the EAHCA that is available to parents who successfully challenge special education decisions made by schools. President Reagan signed the bill of Public law 99-457. Thus, the US Congress expanded the academic reach of the Education for All Children with Disabilities Act (EAHCA) to early intervention programs for preschool children (ages 3-5) and infants and toddlers (birth to age 2). -
President George H.W Bush signed the Civil Rights Act (ADA) to provide equality and support for people with physical and mental disabilities. The ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Ada is divided into five sections related to different aspects of public life opportunities: 1) Employment, 2) Public Services: State and Local government, 3) Public Accommodations and Services Operated by Private Entities, 4) Telecommunications, and 5) Miscellaneous Provisions -
The NCLB was the main law for K–12 general education in the United States from 2002–2015. Its primary goal is to close student achievement gaps by providing all children, including students with disabilities, fair, equitable, and meaningful opportunities for a quality education. Thus, states must create national academic standards and a national testing system that meets federal requirements.
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