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The beginnings
The focus of functionalism was about how behavior actually works to help people live in their environment. Functionalists utilized methods such as direct observation to study the human mind and behavior. -
William James (1842 – 1910)
Published one of the field’s earliest classics, The Principles of Psychology. Researching and theorizing about topics such as emotions, habits, consciousness and free will. -
Sigmund Freud ( 1856 – 1939)
Freud was best known for: Being the founder of psychoanalysis,theory of psychosexual development,t he id, ego, and superego, Dream interpretation and free association. -
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Behaviorism
Is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions. -
Ivan Pavlov (1849 –1936)
Accidentally discovered classical conditioning, the term used to describe the process of unintentionally developing habitual biological responses to previously neutral stimuli in the environment, while he was studying the physiology of digestion in his pet dogs. -
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Humanistic Psychology
Supporting the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such by psychologists and psychiatrists. -
Jean Piaget (1896 –1980)
Theory of cognitive development suggests that intelligence changes as children grow. A child's cognitive development is not just about acquiring knowledge, the child has to develop or construct a mental model of the world.Cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate capacities and environmental events, and children pass through a series of stages. -
Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)
Introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs,"A Theory of Human Motivation" and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. -
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Among his many discoveries, inventions, and accomplishments were the creation of the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner Box), his research on schedules of reinforcement, the introduction of response rates as a dependent variable in research, and the creation of the cumulative recorder to track these response rates. -
Albert Ellis (1913 – 2007)
Developed an ABCDE format to teach people how their beliefs cause their emotional and behavioral responses: 'A' stands for activating event or adversity. 'B' refers to one's irrational belief about 'A. ' That belief then leads to 'C,' the emotional and behavioral consequences. -
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The cognitive Revolution
Known as cognitive science, apply the scientific method to the study of human cognition. Increasing focus was placed on observable behaviors in conjunction with brain activity and structure. -
Albert Bandura ( 1925 - now)
Best known for his modeling study on aggression, referred to as the “Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated that children can learn behaviours through the observation of adults. -
Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987)
His theory of personality involves a self-concept, which subsumes three components: self-worth, self-image and ideal self. Rogers developed an approach of client-centered therapy to help people self-actualize, or reach their full and unique potential. -
Jerome Bruner (1915 – 2016)
Proposes that learners construct their own knowledge and do this by organizing and categorizing information using a coding system. ... The concept of discovery learning implies that students construct their own knowledge for themselves (also known as a constructivist approach). -
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Cognitive Psychology
Involves the study of internal mental processes—all of the things that go on inside your brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and learning.
