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Gregor Mendel
Gregor mendel, "the father of genetics," conducted an on pea plants to study the variation among plants. This experimment required him to cross polinate two pea plants. Mendel discovered that some alleles will be more evident than others, thus coining the terms "Dominant" and "recessive" in reference to certain traits -
Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide, through mitosis, to produce more stem cells. These cells could be used to regenerate organs and tissue. In 2005, Researchers at UC Irvine's Reeve-Irvine Reseach Center are able to partially restore the ability of rats with paralyzed spines to walk through the injection of human neural stem cells -
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals are used in healthcare to help with diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of a disease. Insulin was the first pharmaceutical using genetically engineered bacteria. It is made from the human genes that codes for insulin and it is cloned in the bacteriuma and large quantities are grown through fermentation for humans with diabetes. -
Avery- MacLeod- McCarty Experiment
Avery, Macleod, and McCarty discovered that Dna is the substance that causes bacterial transformation. During this era, it was believedthat it was protiens that served the function of carrying genetic information. -
Maurice Wilkins
Wilkins initial studies produced the first clear X-ray Images of DNA. His research also contributed to the scientific understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, optical microscopy and Xray diffraction, and to the development of radar. -
Hershey Chase experiment
The hershey chase experiment helped confirm that dna is the genetic material. Dna had been known to biologists since the late 1860's, dispite this, many scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried all the genetic information because dna appeared simpler than proteins. -
Watson and Crick
"Molecular structure of Nucleic acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" published by Francis Crick and James D Watson was the first apublication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of dna. Crick and Watsin's model of dna had a very key feature, the pairing of nucleotides subunits. In DNA, the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine. -
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method of separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments. An electric current is applied and the negatively charged DNA moves through the chambers toward the positive pole. Scientists use this method to detect alterations in the DNA sequence. -
Restriction Enzyme Analysis
Restriction enzymes can along DNA searching for a sequence of bases they recognize. Then is attaches itself to the DNA and cuts it in half and will continue this process until the DNA is broken up into fragments. We use this to form an analysis of these bases in specific regions of DNA -
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering is the manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. This requires manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add new traits that aren't found in that organism. We use genetic engineering to make "healthier" foods and to eliminate several diseases. -
Gmos
Genetic modification invlovles deletion, insertion, or mutation of a gene. We can manipulate these genes by attachingthe genes to a virus, inserting DNA into the nucleus, electroporation, and by firing small particles using a gene gun. GMOs are used in biological research, argriculture, experimental medicine, and to produce pharmaceutical drugs. An example of this are glofish. -
Plasmid Based Transformation
Transformation produces a mixture of relatively few transformed cells and a large amount of non abundant. In a cloning experiment, a gene may be inserted into a plasmid used in transformation. More techniques may be used to further screen for transformed cells that contain plasmid with an insert. -
Transgenic Animals
A transgenic animal is an animal that carries a gene that was inserted into its genome. There are 3 methods for the creation of these animals which are: DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus mediated gene transfer. We create transgenic animals for specific economic traits and for disease models. -
Polymerase Chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction is used to copy segments of DNA. This is done by heating DNA so it denatures and an enzyme called taq polymerase builds two new strands of DNA using the original as templates. This machine aids in a numbver of clinical techniques, including DNA fingerprinting, detection of bacteria/viruses, and diagnosis of genetic disorders. -
Cloning
Clones are genetically identical copies of a biological entity. This procedure is done by inserting a gene from one organism into the gentic material of a carrier. The famous animal that was cloned was a sheep named "Dolly." -
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is a national research to map and sequnce all the genes in the human genome. Through the mapping of the human genome, scientists can understand diseases, evolution, anthropology, and many other things. The mapping of the genome was completed in 2003.
