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1300
Aztecs
The Aztecs was a Mesoamerican culture tribe that flourished in central mexico. They had the largest population of 20 million. They had the most European like city (Tenochtitlan). they had a materialistic culture and an advanced irrigation system. Their civilization was ruled by warrior-nobles and priest. they developed a form of writing called hieroglyphic writing, a complex calendar system, and built famous pyramids and temples. Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztecs by force in 1521 which ended it -
Period: 1300 to
Beginnings to Exploration
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1440
Printing Press
The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg. His printing press developed from the technology of the screw-type wine presses of the Rhine Valley. It was a hand press in which the ink was rolled over the surfaces of movable handset blocks held inside of a wooden form and the pressed against a sheet of paper. Gutenberg also printed the world's first book using movable type called the Gutenberg Bible. More printing technologies were based on Gutenbergs -
1492
Colombian Exchange
The C.E was a period of cultural and biological changes between the Americas (New World) and the Old World across the Atlantic. They began to exchange things like diseases, technology, culture, and etc that transformed Native Americans way of life into something good, but also bad. Natives were only immune to what they are around in their everyday lives. Diseases started spreading quickly among the natives before being in contact with any Europeans causing the population to decrease fast. -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed on June 7, 1494. It was an agreement between Spain and Portugal that was formed to settle conflicts of them both wanting more land, particularly over newly discovered lands like America explored by Christopher Columbus and other explorers in the 15th century. The treaty formed a line 1,770 kilometers west of the Cape Verde Islands, leaving Portugal with just Brazil, and Spain taking more of the land, being that back in that time not much land was explored. -
1517
95 Thesis
The 95 Thesis was a book published by Martin Luther which was a list of propositions for an academic disputation. which propounded two central beliefs..that the Bible is the central religious authority, and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds which was used to spark the Protestant Reformation. In the thesis, questioned the Catholic Churches sale of indulgences to reduce the punishment of sins in the purgatory, and argued that faith led to salvation not work -
Roanoke
A group of colonist from the old world established a colony in the New World on Roanoke island in what is today's Dare County, North Carolina called the Roanoke. They all disappeared and Roanoke became known as the lost colony. It was established in Rhode Island and was the first known British colony. -
English Colonization
England was a late comer, they had dynastic issues between Protestants and Catholic. They also had high prices for wool. England gets into the game, and defeated Spanish Armada in 1588. It allows England to begin naval dominance. They had falling wool prices and complete the conquest of Ireland. The first colonies pushed natives away, they had no interaction with others. They also used joint stock companies. Queen Elizabeth gives Humphrey Gilbert charter. Settles in present-day new found land. -
Bering Land Bridge
The Bering land bridge helped the first Americans cross from Asia to North America.As more people came across more cultural things were brought over. For example, Clovis points, which were spherical tip rocks that were used for hunting larger animals like sloth,giant bison, camels, etc. Most of these animals were extinct because so many people were hunting them. when the glaciers around the bridge starting melting the Bering land bridge started to overflow therefore people couldn't cross. -
The Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake colonies was in Jamestown, Virginia. it started out as a private charter from the English crown in 1606 which was a Virginia company in London. It starts with approximately one-hundred and five settlers, but as the winter months came by only 35 survived because of the cold, bitter weather. The Chesapeake colonies were isolated from the natives. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Tobacco
Tobacco came into Jamestown, Virginia from the Caribbean. Many people didn't know what is was or how to use it, therefore it made no profit early on. When the Europeans smoked it, they favored it and begin to grow thousands of it and making a huge profit. This became the main cash crop in the 17th century. Because of this cash crop starting to flourish, they needed more workers to make the crop. Indentured servants worked for about 4-7 years, and the labor became difficult. -
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was a legal document that bound the Pilgrims together when they arrived in New England. When they left England they obtained permission from the king to settle land father south but they decided to stay where they had landed. While waiting for a new patient, the adult male passengers signed the Mayflower Compact in order to maintain order and establish new government. -
William Penn
William Penn was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker, and founder of the State of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed. -
Salem Witch Trails
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The trials started when the minister's daughter started acting strange. people accused many others in town of witchcraft. But, the puritans are conservatives and superstitious. -
The Middle Passage
The Middle Passage refers to the long voyage across the Atlantic that many Africans endure while being traded and transported. The trip took anywhere from three to four months and most individuals lay chained in rows on the ship. They were also held on shelves that ran around the inside of the ships' hulls. The packaging was very uncomfortable and captives from different nations were mixed together which created confusion. -
Sugar
Sugar was the main crop produced on the plantations during the 18th century in the Caribbean Colonies region including Spain, France, England, and Holland. Europeans loved sugar four fifths of the sugar came from British and French colonies in the west Indies. By 1750, sugar surpassed grain as "the most valuable commodity in European trade, it made up a fifth of all European imports and in the last decades of the century. -
Triangular Trade
Also known as the transatlantic slave trade, is a route across the Atlantic that goes in a triangle shape. The 3 parts of it are Africa to the Americas to transport slaves, the Americas to Europe to transport raw materials, and Europe to Africa to transport finished goods for sale. Things as such as food, culture and even diseases were transferred also. The population in some areas started to decrease because they weren't exposed to the different kinds of diseases and such. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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The Great Awakening
In the 1730's, a religious revival swept through the British American colonies to what is known as the great awakening. It was a religious revitalization movement that swept the Atlantic region, and the American colonies which changed the protestant American religion leaving a permanent impact in the 1730's and 1740's. The Great Awakening resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep, personal revelation of their need of salvation from Jesus Christ. -
New England Economy
The climate and geography had a major impact on the trade and economic activities of the New England colonies. in towns along the coast the colonists made their living off fishing, wailing, and shipbuilding. The fish included cod, mackerel, herring, halibut, bass, hake, etc. Farming was difficult in New England for crops like wheat, therefore they planted crops such as corn, pumpkin, rye, squash, and beans were planted. The Northern colonies concentrated on manufacture and ship building. -
Seven Years War
The Seven Years War was a global war between France and Great Britain over territory starting from 1754 and ending in 1763 wit the Treaty of Paris, a peace treaty. The French and Indian War was the North American part of the conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War. The war changed the economic, political, and social relationship between Britain, France, and Spain, but they all suffered economically to pay for the cost of the war. -
The Enlightenment
Most of the founding fathers were atheist or deist. The Age of Enlightenment educated populace, religion was less important in this period. Their was a separation between the church and the state, and ordinary citizens have more say. The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century. It revolved around the scientific method instead of beliefs. Some of the Enlightenment thinkers were John Adams, John Locke. -
Treaty of Paris (1763)
The treaty of Paris of 1763 was a peace treaty that was signed after Britain won the war over France and Spain, that ended the Seven Years War, also known as the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France. France gave up all its territories in North America, ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. The British government also wanted to end the war because of finances. They were paying for the war with debt and they really couldn't afford it . -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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The Revenue Act
The revenue act, also known as the sugar act in 1764 was an act passed by the parliament of Britain on the American Colonies in order to raise revenue. the sugar act replaced the molasses act of 1733, reducing the tax on molasses by half, but stepping up the enforcement of tax. The purpose of lowering tax on molasses was to make people buy them from the British colonies instead of smuggling it from the French and Spanish colonies. The sugar act also increase the enforcement of smuggling laws. -
Stamp Act
The stamp act was an act that enabled a requirement of tax on all paper including ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed by the British. American colonist were furious, because they felt like it was to much money to pay taxes and they didn't like that Britons had to pay a smaller amount than them. Lawyers and Printers were most affected by this act because they printed more paper and used legal documents more than anyone else. -
Intolerable Act
The Intolerable Acts, also called the Coercive acts were harsh laws created in 1767 that was meant to punish the American colonist for the Boston Tea party and other protest. the act did away with Massachusetts colonial charter and sets up rules, but British took it away. Massachusetts political institutions were restricted/ eliminated. It allowed the quartering of troops ( and cut up bodies). British soldiers tried for crimes outside of colonies. The Intolerable acts closed part of Boston. -
Boston Massacre
People started throwing snowballs at the British officers, the British officer shot back and several colonist were killed. Boston was the worst colony. This was the first great example of an American Propaganda. -
East India Company
The English East India company was formed for the exploitation of the trade with east and southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India. The Tea Act was designed by Parliament to benefit the EIC and the Americas were the designated recipients of the tea. the act was meant to enforce the EIC's monopoly on tea in the colonies. -
Paul Revere
Paul Revere was a Whig courier and was seen as a hero for his 1775 "midnight Rid". by 1775, tensions between the american colonies and the British government had approached the breaking point. On Joseph Warren's orders on the night of the 18th , he crossed the Charles river and rode to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British troops were coming through on their way to concord Revere got the word to the radical leaders, but a British patrol prevented any further progress -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was ratified on July 4, 1776. something that John Adams believed would be “the most memorable thing in the history of America.” the main points of the Declaration of Independence is the unalienable rights that governments should never violate that all men should be created equal. They are the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. When a government fails to protect those rights, it is the right of the people to overthrow that government. -
Inability of Congress
In the early Articles of Confederation, congress had no power to levy or collect taxes. Congress also had no power to regulate foreign trade or to enforce its laws. because of this, the government went into debt, quarrels broke out among states and trading with other countries was difficult. The government depended on states for law enforcement. congress also had trouble passing laws because a vote of 9 out of 13 states had to be present. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.It was created on November 15, 1777, and ratified March 1, 1781. It established a loose friendship of independent states. Money, laws, power, and jurisdiction all differed from state to state. Revenue, military action, and diplomacy did not exist. Their was no central authority. which caused them to be weak and have a constant shortage of funds -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was the effect of a protest led by Daniel Shay, a Revolutionary War veteran which led four thousand rebels in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices that were caused by the revolutionary war. Shay's rebellion was a post war recession that was bad for everyone because people started to loose farms. the rebellion created a sense of urgency and people thought it wasn't going to end -
Northwest Ordinance
the Northwest ordinance was to establish orderly and equitable procedures for the settlement and political incorporation of the Northwest Territory. its the most important legislative acts of the congress. and established the precedent of expanding westward by allowing future admission for newer states. The Northwest Ordinance also rejected slaves and allowed five thousand people to become state legislatives. -
Connecticut plan
The Connecticut plan was also called the Great Compromise of 1787 because it was a compromise between the 2 plans, Virginia plan and New jersey plan. It had a bi-cameral legislature (two houses): upper house and lower house. They had a modern day congress, House of Representatives and senate. -
Virginia Plan
The Virginia plan was James Madison's plan of government, in which a state got a number of representatives in congress based on their population. This plan favors large populated states and population is based on representation. This plan wanted to get rid of the AOC, had a separate judiciary (supreme court), and a single executive (president). they also had a two house legislature: lower house votes for upper house. -
New Jersey plan
The New Jersey plan proposed a single chamber congress in which each state had one vote due to a single legislature. Because of conflict between larger states and smaller states we they adopted a compromise in which a bicameral house distributes equal representation for each state. House of Representatives and the senate . They had a less powerful judiciary, and followed by a modified version of the Articles of Confederation -
George Washington
George Washington was born from a prosperous planter in 1732 in Virginia. He worked as a surveyor and later fought in the French and Indian war. Washington was a commander and chief of the Continental army during the Revolutionary war. During the war he led colonial forces to victory over the British and became a national hero. After being elected in 1789 he served two terms as the first U.S. president. he favored a position of neutrality in foreign conflicts and created the Cabinet. -
Period: to
The New Republic
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District of Columbia
The district of Columbia, also known as Washington D.C., is the capital city of the United States, located between Virginia and Maryland on the north bank of the Potomac River. The site was carefully chose by George Washington on Potomac's navigation head to accommodate oceangoing ships, and near two well established port cities, Georgetown and Alexandria. The city is known home to all three branches of government, the white house, supreme court, and capital building -
Bank of United States
The first Bank of the United states was a national bank chartered for twenty years by the U.S. congress on February 25,1791. Companioned by Alexander Hamilton he believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution. but, it just set off constitutional issues. Was it really constitutional? -
Bill of Rights
In the Bill of Rights their was a guarantee of individual rights and liberties. the bill of rights consisit of the first ten amendments of the constitutions written by James Madison in response to several calls for greater constitutional protection. Anti-Federalists held that a bill of rights was necessary to safeguard individual liberty. The bill of rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was an uprising of farmers and distillers in Western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. The country suffered from significant debt from the Revolutionary War. Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that had president Washington respond by sending troops to quell the radical farmers. The rebellion was ended by the militia and is seen as the first national test of America. -
Adams presidency
The French are angry and recall envoy and seized American ships. Early in the administration of John Adams presidency the XYZ affair happened which was a political and diplomatic episode between the France and the United States. The french ignored American envoys. The word got out and undeclared a naval war. The Army will triple -
The Election of 1800
The U.S. presidential election of 1800 was the fourth quadrennial presidential election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Thomas Jefferson won the election. the election was the end of the naval war, and it negotiated treaty. Their was a division among federalist, Adams seen it as weak and divided party. Their was napoleon support against Britain and Spain. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
Spain will cede Louisiana back to France. Napoleon threatens to close New Orleans, therefore Jefferson sends over diplomats to Paris to buy New Orleans. However, Jefferson is all about a strong, limited power of government and buys Louisiana anyway for less than three cents an acre. He secures the Mississippi River and the purchase doubled the size of the nation. -
Marbury v. Madison
Madison was the secretary of state and withholds nominations and Marbury was the angry appointee that sues. Marbury versus Madison was the most important supreme court case that set up the judicial review. It was the foundation of when white and black kids can start going to school together. The chief justice was John Marshall. the supreme court lacked jurisdiction which gives themselves power. -
The Duel
The duel was between Burr and Hamilton. Duels were illegal, but they did it anyway because it was the culmination of a long and bitter rivalry between the two men. Burr shot Hamilton and wounded him, he died the next day in his bed. Burr is charged and looses his reputation as vice president. Burr becomes the outlaw and the federalist main leader is dead -
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act of 1807 deprived Britain and France of American goods. It was very unpopular in seaports. James Madison will inherit embargo act, but it will become a big problem. The embargo act hurts the economy mostly in the south and the northeast. this policy will anger the British, therefore, the British will give the natives more guns and supplies. -
Period: to
American Industrial Revolution
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Panic of 1819
America had an economic boom after the war of 1812. The founding of the Second Bank of the United States fueled economic expansion and speculation. Agriculture prices collapsed in 1819, and the banks failed. The economy went into a tailspin and started to decline. This was one of the worst depressions in the United States history. It was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch vs. Maryland was a landmark supreme court case. The supreme court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the constitution to create the second national bank of the United States, and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the bank because states cannot take place of a federal government especially in matters of commerce. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise set up a balance between slave and free states. It was an imaginary line at thirty-six degrees thirty degrees latitude. The states that were above the line would be free, and the states that were below the line would be slave states. This was just a temporary solution to the Missouri compromise, however slavery had to be dealt with at some point. Their was a guaranteed conflict in the future because of this problem -
Second Great Awakening
The second great awakening was a protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. The Second Great awakening led to the establishment of reform movements to address injustices and alleviate suffering such as the Temperance Movement, the Women's suffrage Movement and the Abolitionist Movement in which people advocated for emancipation on religious grounds. Emphasized religious romanticism, made religion pretty, art. -
Mormons
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints led by Joseph Smith. they find golden tablets in 1823 it was written in an ancient language. Native Americans were one of the lost tribes of Israel. It appealed to farmers and traders. People who didn't do well in new market economy. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Steam Engine
Steam power is one of the most important things in the American Industrial Revolution. the creation of the steam engine created many additions to the technology of this time, including steam powered locomotives which are vehicles that run on rails or tracks and are powered by steam. The steam engine wasn't just to power cars, it was also used for mining and to pump water from deep areas. -
Election of 1824
In this election, the Democratic-Republican Party splintered as four separate candidates sought the presidency, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay (both sides like him; pragmentis), and William Crawford. Jackson wins popular vote, not electoral college. Adams was chosen to be president by the House of Representatives. Jackson angry and bitter because of Adams and clay deal (corrupt bargain). -
Period: to
Age Of Jackson
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Presidency of John Q. Adams
John Quincy Adams was an American statesman who served as a diplomat, United States Senator, member of the House of Representatives, and also the sixth president of the United States. John Quincy Adams was John Adams's son. While becoming President, Adams chose Clay to be the Secretary of State.However, Jackson and his angry followers charged that a (corrupt bargain) had taken place, and immediately began their campaign to take away the Presidency from Adams in 1828. -
Election of 1828
Jackson's ( old hickory ) new strategy was to humble origins and better the military career ( battle of New Orleans). Democratic- Republicans faded, second party system, and a modern democratic party. People attack each other as womanizers and attacks Jackson's wife Rachel because of bigamy. People accused Jackson of being a pimp and very nasty. Jackson wins overwhelmingly, first elected by common man. The inauguration was very rowdy. -
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States, he was looked up to as the representation of a common man. -
Eastern State Penitentiary
The Eastern State penitentiary was the biggest and most expensive former American prison site in Pennsylvania that was known for its strict discipline. It was a prison designed to inspire penitence, or true regret in the hearts of prisoners because Pennsylvania didn't want the punishment of prisoners to be death. In this jail they made the prisoners labor hard. The jails eventually became a detention site instead of a death sentence for people who have done wrong or have mental illnesses. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's rebellion was a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton, Virginia in 1831. Nat Turner and a few other slaves killed between fifty-five and sixty-five people starting with his white slave owners, the Travis family. The result of the revolt was that it caused greater fear and stricter enforcement of the slave codes by southern whites. Nat Turner ran away, and when found he was tried, convicted, and hung. -
Cherokee
Gold found. Indian Removal Act of 1830, gave power to president to exchange Indian land. In Worcester vs. George Cherokees have the right to govern for sovereign nation. Scotus gets involved and Jackson refuses to enforce decision. Under orders from President Jackson the U.S. Army began enforcement of the Removal Act. Cherokees were forced to leave and rounded up to go to Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi and Arkansas Rivers into Indian Territory. Many died of starvation and diseases along the way. -
John C. Calhoun (VP)
John C. Calhoun was the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832. Calhoun defended slavery and states rights as a congressman, senator, secretary of war, secretary of state, and vice-president. He had political differences with President Andrew Jackson and a desire to fill a vacant Senate seat in South Carolina, therefore John C. Calhoun becomes the first vice president in the United States. history to resign the office. -
Nullification Crisis
Congress raises import taxes ( tariff act of 1832), put a tax on textiles (clothing). South Carolina was affected and it hurts the southern agriculture. John Calhoun ( vice president), advocated the nullifying law and took Kentucky Resolutions farther. he resigned from vice president over this. In the Webster- Haynes Debate, Webster attacked states rights. Denied states could judge constitutions. -
American Anti-slavery Society
The American Anti-Slavery Society also known as the AASS; in 1833 through 1870 was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings.In 1840, the American Anti-Slavery Society split. Creation of a new government that prohibited slavery from the very beginning was called. Stating that the U.S. Constitution was an illegal document because it denied A. A. their freedom. -
Battle of San Jacinto
The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texans Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes.The treaties of Velasco, confirmed the Mexican retreat and ended the war it was signed by Presidents David G. Burnet and Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. -
Invention of the Steel Plow
The steel plow was invented by John Deer in 1837 when the Middle-West was being settled. It was used to break up tough soil without soil getting stuck to it. The soil was different in the west and wasn't as easy to deal with as in the east. The wooden plows kept breaking and they needed to find a solution, Therefore they though steel would be a sturdier alternative.The steel plow back then was about 10-12 dollars. -
Lowell Mills
The Waltham system was a labor and production model employed in the United States during the early years of the textile industry in the 19th century. Lowell Mills centralized factories (mills). It was a large labor work force of ladies and also a dermatory ( live on work site and company pays). Women earned more but had long hours, and bad working conditions -
Crank Churn
from the mid-1800's through the 1940's the crank churn was used to churn butter in many households in America. One type of crank churn was the barrel churn, a simple device in which the user turned a handle that directly rotated a dasher inside a stabilized barrel. over time these butter churns changed to work better -
Election of 1840
(Democrat vs. Whigs) Van Buren runs for re-election against an economic depression (democrat). General William Henry Harrison (Whig). Whigs spread rumors about Van Buren and will get women to influence the vote of husbands. William Harrison will win the landslide, but he only makes it a month. John Tyler ( vice-president) becomes the president. -
John Calhoun
John C. Calhoun was a prominent U.S. statesman and spokesman for the slave-plantation system of the south. He was from South Carolina and served as vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. He opposed the Mexican-American war and the admission of California as a free state, and was renowned as a leading voice for those seeking to secure the institution of slavery. He led a crusade against abolitionism and antislavery legislators trying to limit slavery in the west. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Telegraph
The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse May of 1844. The telegraph revolutionized long distance communication by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. Samuel Morse also came up with a form of communication called the Morse code, which is a set of dots and/or dashes for each letter of the alphabet to transfer complex messages through the lines. -
Election of 1844
The United States presidential election of 1844 was the 15th quadrennial presidential election, held from November 1, to December 4, 1844. With Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay's 105. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was a term for the attitude present during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States and its settlers not only could, but was destined to and should be a continent that stretch from the coast to coast. This attitude In America helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal, and war with Mexico (the Mexican- American war). Although, it had an impact of making the U.S. much wealthier and larger, the Native Americans and Mexico was loosing land -
Annexation of Texas
On December 29th 1845, the annexation of Texas occurred. It was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America, which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state . The Republic of Texas had asked voluntarily to become a part of the United States, and the government of the United States agreed to annex the nation. However, Mexican leaders had long warned the United States that if it tried to make Texas a state, it would declare war. -
Mexican-American War
The Mexican–American War, also known as the Mexican War and in Mexico the American intervention in Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The treaty gave the U.S. lands that would become the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso proposed an American law to ban slavery within the land acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War as a result of the settlement in the Mexican-American war.. After the war started, President James K. Polk sought the appropriation of two million dollars as a part of a bill to negotiate the terms of a treaty. The proposed amendment narrowly passed through the House of Representatives and was then defeated in the Senate. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York and was the first women's convention that discussed and fought for the civil, social, and religious rights of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the meeting that launched the women's suffrage movement which later ensured the right for women to vote. Their was a total of 300 men and women. Declaration of sentiments and resolutions. Secure rights in economics and voting, the media was mostly negative. The convention was cornerstone -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Mexican-American war officially ended with the February 2, 1848, signing in Mexico of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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Chinese Migration
On January 24, 1848, gold was discovered in California at Sutter's Mill. By 1849, people were coming to California from all over the world to look for gold. At that time war, famine, and a poor economy in southeastern China caused many Chinese men to come to America. Most of them hoped to find great wealth and return to china. Chinese immigrants soon found out that many Americans did not welcome them. High monthly taxes were placed on all foreign miners. Chinese had no choice but to pay debts. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 consist of five laws passed in September of 1850 that dealt with the issue of slavery. In 1849 California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state. as part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished. furthermore, California entered the union as a free state and a territorial government was created in Utah. The boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico was also settled. -
Railroads
Railroads in the 1850's were a faster and cheaper way of transporting materials from one place to another which helped factories produce goods faster . It was one of the most important things in the Industrial Revolution because it brought social, political, and economic change to the United States. -
Greek Revival
The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States in which people started to build and copy Greek style buildings and such. The style was looked on as the expression of local nationalism, and civic virtue, and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas is the term used to describe the period of violence during the settling of Kansas territory. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act decreed that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Pro slavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. Violence soon erupted as both factions fought for control. Abolitionist John Brown led anti-slavery fighters in Kansas before his raid on Harper's Ferry. -
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri from 1833 to 1843, he resided in Illinois and in an area of the Louisiana Territory, where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. After returning to Missouri, Scott sued unsuccessfully in the Missouri courts for his freedom, claiming that his residence in free territory made him a free man. Scott's master maintained that no pure-blooded negro and descendant of slaves could be a citizen in article lll of the constitution. -
Fire eaters
The Fire-eaters were a group of radical pro-slavery southerners on Antebellum south who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became the Confederate states of America. The leader of the group was Robert Barnwell Rhett of South Carolina. The Fire-eaters demonstrated the high level of sectionalism existing in the U.S. during the 1850's, and they materially contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. -
Election of 1860
The election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850's on questions of states rights and slavery in the territories. The presidential election of 1860 was between Republican Abraham Lincoln , Southern Democrat John C. Breckenridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and Constitutional candidate John Bell. Abraham Lincoln won the election and brought the Republican Part to power without the support of any Southern States. -
Trent Affair
The Trent affair was a diplomatic crisis that took place between the United States and Great britain, during the U.S. Civil War. The crisis erupted after the captain of the USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a british mail ship, the trent, in order to seek support for the south in the Civil War. The British were outraged and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship was a violation of international law. -
South Military Leadership
The south tended to have the better generals who could lead the battle successfully. Their were many important Confederate generals and commanders during the American Civil War. Some like Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Nathan Bedford. Those are the most common and famously known generals. Others are less well known but were southern generals who led the troops and helped decide the ultimate outcome. -
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The Civil War
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Ulysses S. Grant
When the Civil War began in April 1861, Grant became a colonel of the 21st Illinois Volunteers. Later that summer, President Lincoln made Grant a brigadier general. Grants first major victory came in 1862 when its troops captured Fort Donelson in Tennessee. In July 1863, Grant's forces captured Vicksburg, Mississippi, a confederate stronghold. During the Civil War, Gran, an aggressive and determined leader was given command of all the U.S. armies. -
Emancipation Proclomation
President Lincoln carefully framed the Civil War as concerning the Preservation or the Union rather than the abolition of slavery. One month later after the battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued the proclamation issuing that all states still in rebellion, he would declare their slaves free. The proclamation exempted all border slave states and all or parts of three confederate states controlled by the union army on the grounds that these areas were not in rebellion against the united states. -
Battle of Vicksburg
in teh summer of 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant's army converged in Vicksburg on the Mississippi River, trapping a Confederate army under John Pemberton. Pemberton's men had constructed a series of trenches, forts, redans, and artillery lunettes in a 7-mile ring surrounding the City. Grant's army surrounded pemberton and outnumbered him two to one. Pemberton finally surrendered on fourth of July. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
Lincolns plan for reconstruction included the 10% plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the union. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revise state constitutions and establish new state governments. Southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property -
Northern Cotton Embargo
The Northern cotton embargo also known as cotton diplomacy refers to the diplomatic methods employed by the confederacy during the American Civil War to coerce the United Kingdom and France to support the confederate war effort by implementing a cotton trade embargo against the UK and the rest of Europe. The president of the confederacy, Jefferson Davis, strongly supported the king cotton diplomacy wanting Great Britain's support. -
Election of 1864
In the election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president. Lincoln ran under the National Union Banner against his former Civil War general, George B. McClellan. The 1864 election occurred during the Civil War , therefore none of the states loyal to the confederacy participated. On November 8th, Lincoln won by over four-hundred thousand popular votes and easily clinched the electoral majority. Lincolns second term was ended two weeks after his inauguration due to his assassination. -
Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 through 1866. They were a series of restrictive laws which were designed to restrict freed blacks activity and ensure their availability as a labor force now that slavery has been abolished. Many states required blacks to sign yearly labor contracts. If they refused, they risked being arrested as vagrants and fined or forced into unpaid labor. Northern outrage led to republican party reconstruction. -
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Reconstruction
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Scalawags
White southern Republicans, known to their enemies as "scalawags", made up the biggest group of delegates to the Radical Reconstruction-era legislatures. Some scalawags were established planters who thought that whites should recognize blacks civil and political rights while still retaining control of political and economic life. Many were former Whigs. The majority of scalawags were non-slave holding small farmers as well as merchants and artisans who remained loyal to the union. -
Election of 1868
The presidential election of 1868 was the first election to take place during Reconstruction. President Andrew Johnson, who has ascended President Lincoln following his assassination in 1865, was unsuccessful in his attempt to receive the democratic presidential nomination. Instead the Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour to take on the republic candidate, Civil War hero General Ulysses S. Grant. Grant won a large amount of the electoral votes as well as the popular votes. -
Sharecroppers
With the southern economy in disarray after the abolition of slavery and the devastation of the Civil War, conflict arose by many white landowners attempting to reestablish a labor force and freed blacks seeking economic independence and autonomy. The system known as sharecropping had come to dominate agriculture in the south. Under this system, blacks would rent small plots of land, or shares, to work for themselves. -
Whiskey Ring Scandal
The Whiskey Ring Scandal involved a group of whiskey distiller who conspired to defraud the federal government taxes. Operating in mainly St. Louis, MO, Milwaukee, WIS, and Chicago, ILL, the whiskey Ring bribed internal Revenue officials and accomplices in Washington in order to keep liquor taxes for themselves. Allegations that the illegally held tax money was to be used in the Republicans campaign for the reelection of President Grant aroused the public -
Jim Crow
The segregation and disenfranchisement laws knows as " Jim Crow" represented a formal, codified system of racial aparthied that dominated the American south for many years. The laws affected almost every aspect of daily life, mandating segregation of schools, parks, libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and resturants. "whites only" and "colored" signs were constant reminders of the enforced racial order.
