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Period: 1299 to 1556
Ottoman Empire Expansion
1299: The start of expansion
1526-1566: Ottoman expansion into Hungary with the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and the capture of Buda in 1541 -
1454
The first use of Gutenberg Printing Press Technology
In 1455 Gut nberg printed 180 Bibles, each of them over 1800 pages long. -
1492
Columbus's first voyage to the Americas
Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas, landing in the Bahamas, marks the beginning of the Columbian Exchange. It introduces the exchange of crops, animals, and cultures between the Old World and the New World. -
Period: 1529 to 1543
Ethiopisn-Adal War
A military conflict between the Christian Ethiopian Empire and the Muslim Adal Sultanate, led the weakening of the Adal sultanate. -
The Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire, in 1590, controlled the Caribbean islands, Mexico, and the Andes -
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England and France rival
In the early 1600s:Both England and France had founded colonies in North America
By 1700：The new British and French colonial projects had led to a fierce rivalry. -
Laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion showing that planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun. -
Russia unified state
Russia return to a unified state when Michael Romanov was chosen by noblemen to become czar. -
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Ottoman–Safavid War
the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia -
Rene Descartes Publishes His Scientific Method
Descartes' work sets forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method. -
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English Civil War
King Charles I battle Parliament for control of the English government. -
Code Noir (Black Code)
France implemented the Code Noir (Black Code) in 1685. It defined the conditions of slavery and freedom in French
colonies that relied on enslaved labor. -
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The Enlightment movement
Pubilshment of Newton's Principia Mathematica is considered to be the beginning of the Enlightenment. -
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Great Northern War
The war which led by the Tsardom of Russia contested Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. -
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Seven Years War
The war between Britain and France for control of trade and territory. Other countries attended later, such as Austia, Russia and Spain. -
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Indian famines
In 1769, 1783, and 1791 these caused about 30 million deaths. This further weakened the region and
paved the way for full British colonial rule. -
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American revolution
Great Britain’s North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. -
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French Revolution
A period of major societal and political upheaval in France. It witnessed the collapse of the monarchy. -
The storming of the Bastille
The storming of the Bastille is considered a symbol of the outbreak of the French Revolution -
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Haitian Revolution
Haitian Revolution is a successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Enslaved Africans and Afro-descendant people rose up against their oppressors, ultimately establishing the independent nation of Haiti,. -
The invention of the cotton gin
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, revolutionized the processing of cotton -
Brummel coup
Napoleon described how he worked with his Allies to overthrow the French Directory and establish the Consulate -
Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I
This grand ceremony saw Napoleon crown himself as Emperor of the French, solidifying Napoleon's power and status as the ruler of France. -
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The Latin American Revolutions
A series of independence movements leading to the liberation of many Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas. -
The Invasion of Algiers
It was a French military operation aimed at capturing Algiers and establishing French colonial rule there. This invasion marked the colonization of Algeria by France, which lasted until Algeria's independence in 1962. -
Samuel Morse patented the telegraph
The invention of telegraph enabled faster and more reliable transmission of information across vast
distances -
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Egypt industrialization
During 1840s, it looked like Egypt would eventually become an industrial power.
With the collapse of Egypt economy, British seized the country, ended the Egypt industrialization. -
The arrival of Perry and his Black Ships
The arrival of Perry and his Black Ships was in order to forced Japan to open its ports to trade with the West. -
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Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
This movement claimed that if the Xhosa killed all their cattle and destroyed their corn, their ancestors would return to drive out the European settlers. But it created a humanitarian crisis within Xhosa society. -
The uprisings of 1857 in India
It started at a military base about 40 miles outside the
capital city of Delhi. They failed but led to the dissolution of the East India Company and forced the British control the India directly. -
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Sepoy rebellion
The major uprising in India against the rule of the British East India Company.The Sepoy Rebellion in India, triggered by social and religious tensions, challenged British rule, shaping India's future governance. -
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Tongzhi Restoration
It was an attempt to arrest the dynastic decline of the Qing dynasty by restoring the traditional order. It led to strengthened traditional Chinese values with some modernizations. -
Period: to
Franco - Prussian War
This war was between France and Germany in 1870 and 1871, resulted in a swift Prussian victory, leading to the unification of Germany and a significant shift in the European balance of power and long-term consequences that contributed to tensions leading up to World War I. -
Mokrani Revolt
It was a significant uprising led by Mokrani that took place in Algeria during the period of French colonization. They failed but inspired future generations to continue the struggle for independence -
Anglo-Persian Oil Company get the right to iran oil
The Shah gave the Anglo-Persian Oil Company the rights to Iran’s oil for the next 60 years, shaping Iran's economy and political landscape for decades to come. -
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Herero Uprising
A rebel movement that broke out under German colonial rule in Namibia，led to mass killings of Herero people. -
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Maji Maji Rebellion
It was an armed struggle against German colonial rule in
German East Africa. It leaded hundred thousands of Africans death. -
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Maroccan Crisis
The Moroccan Crises was happened in 1905-1906 and 1911, involving Germany's opposition to French influence in Morocco. These crises heightened tensions among European powers and contributed to the prelude of World War I. -
Bloody Sunday
Protesters seeking better working conditions were shot by Imperial Guard troops in St. Petersburg, sparking widespread discontent and contributing to the eventual Russian Revolution of 1917. -
Bloody Sunday
Protesters seeking better working conditions were shot by Imperial Guard troops in St. Petersburg, sparking widespread discontent and contributing to the eventual Russian Revolution of 1917. -
Francisco Madero's Uprising
Madero's call for democratic reforms triggered the revolution, challenging Díaz's rule and inspiring diverse revolutionary movements. -
Agadir Crisis
Agadir Crisis is a diplomatic and territorial dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco, ultimately contributing to increased tensions in Europe and setting the stage for World War I. -
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The Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution is the revolution against the Qing governemnt, resulted in the formation of a republic. The 2000-year reign of emperors in China had officially come to an end. -
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Zapata's Reformation
Emiliano Zapata's plan demanded land reforms, empowering peasants and influencing the revolution's agrarian focus. -
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Balkan wars
The First Balkan War occurred in 1912-1913, as Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria defeated Ottoman Empire. The Second Balkan War happened in 1913 when these counties started to against each other, resulting in significant border changes and setting the stage for larger conflicts in the years to come. -
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
It is a essential event that sparked the start of World War I, as Franz Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo led to a series of diplomatic and military actions among European powers. -
The Russian Revolution of February 1917
It's the revolution marked the overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy, leading to the establishment of a provisional government and setting the stage for the October Revolution later that year. -
The October Revolution of 1917 Russia
It's the revolution led by the Bolshevik Party and Vladimir Lenin, resulted in the overthrow of the provisional government, establishing Soviet rule and laying the foundation for the creation of the Soviet Union. -
Lenin’s New Economic Policy
NEP of the 1920s allowed limited free-market activities, restoring agricultural productivity, and stabilizing the nation, marked a temporary retreat from socialist principles -
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The Famine in Soviet Russia
A famine in Soviet Russia, devastating humanitarian crisis, marked by widespread starvation, disease, and death, led millions of people death. -
Mussolini's Blackshirt Fascist
Mussolini's Blackshirt Fascist groups gained control of Northern Italy through the March on Rome, prompting the king to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister to avoid further unrest. -
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Forced collectivization in Ukraine
Forced collectivization in Ukraine, involved the mass seizure of privately owned farms, leading to the Holodomor famine, resulted in the deaths of about four million Ukrainians. -
Germany invades Poland
The start of World War II was marked by Germany’s invasion of Poland, which prompted Britain and France to declare war on Germany, intensifying the global conflict. -
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The Holocaust
A systematic genocide carried out by the Nazis. Six million Jews were brutally murdered in concentration camps, symbolizing the depths of human cruelty and intolerance, -
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japan launches a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Prompted the United States to enter WWII, changing the course of the conflict and strengthening the Allied forces. -
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Battle of Midway
A pivotal naval battle between the United States and Japan in the Pacific.The U.S. victory at Midway weakened Japan’s naval strength and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater. -
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. These bombings led to Japan's surrender, hastening the end of World War II and introducing the world to the devastating power of nuclear weapons. -
Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized Iran's oil industry
Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized Iran's oil industry, the move led to discord with the United States, which sided with Britain and Anglo-Iranian Oil due in part to suspicions of Mossadegh's communist leanings. -
Chinese First Soviet-style Five-Year Plan
The Plan brought private industries under government control and had peasants work into large cooperatives. Consequently, industrial output rose significantly under this first Plan, agricultural production improved more slowly. -
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The Vietnam War
it was a prolonged conflict between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist forces. It resulted in significant loss of life and US failure, shaping US foreign policy and sparking anti-war movements globally. -
The Suez Crisis of 1956
Egypt's nationalization of the canal under President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leads conflict as Britain invaded, but pressure from the two superpowers compelled the them to withdraw, underscoring the shift in global power dynamics during the Cold War. -
The Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward, aiming to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society into an industrialized socialist nation, the campaign resulted in widespread famine and economic devastation, leading to millions of deaths. -
The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
it was a critical confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union over the presence of nuclear missiles in Cuba, narrowly avoided nuclear war, and marked a turning point in Cold War dynamics. -
The Battle of Algiers
the 1956 conflict between the National Liberation Front (FLN) and French colonial forces in Algiers, Algeria, characterized by urban guerrilla warfare and acts of terrorism by both sides, leading to Algeria's independence from France in 1962. -
the Second Kashmir War
The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, fighting over territory in the region of Kashmir, resulted in a stalemate and underscored the persistent tensions between India and Pakistan. -
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Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution was initiated by Mao Zedong to reaffirm his ideological dominance and purge perceived enemies within the Communist Party, it resulted in widespread persecution, violence, and the disruption of traditional Chinese society. -
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support a communist government, triggering a decade-long conflict that involved widespread guerrilla warfare, contributing to the downfall of the Soviet regime. -
The Pakistan civil war
the conflict that erupted in 1971 between East Pakistan and West Pakistan, culminated in the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation, marking a significant event in South Asian history. -
Nixon's historic visit to China
it marked the beginning of normalized relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Cold War era and laid the groundwork for China's eventual emergence as a major global power. -
The 1973 OPEC embargo
The 1973 OPEC embargo, triggered by the Arab-Israeli conflict, led to a quadrupling of oil prices and showcased the collective power of oil-producing nations, altering global geopolitics and economic dynamics. -
The Gulf War
The Gulf War, saw a coalition led by the United States drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait and conduct military operations within Iraq, marking a significant conflict in the geopolitics of the Middle East and shaping subsequent events in the region.