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1299: The start of expansion
1526-1566: Ottoman expansion into Hungary with the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and the capture of Buda in 1541 -
In 1455 Gut nberg printed 180 Bibles, each of them over 1800 pages long.
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Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas, landing in the Bahamas, marks the beginning of the Columbian Exchange. It introduces the exchange of crops, animals, and cultures between the Old World and the New World.
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A military conflict between the Christian Ethiopian Empire and the Muslim Adal Sultanate, led the weakening of the Adal sultanate.
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The Spanish Empire, in 1590, controlled the Caribbean islands, Mexico, and the Andes
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In the early 1600s:Both England and France had founded colonies in North America
By 1700：The new British and French colonial projects had led to a fierce rivalry. -
Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion showing that planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.
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Russia return to a unified state when Michael Romanov was chosen by noblemen to become czar.
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the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, then the two major powers of Western Asia, over control of Mesopotamia
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Descartes' work sets forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method.
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King Charles I battle Parliament for control of the English government.
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France implemented the Code Noir (Black Code) in 1685. It defined the conditions of slavery and freedom in French
colonies that relied on enslaved labor. -
Pubilshment of Newton's Principia Mathematica is considered to be the beginning of the Enlightenment.
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The war which led by the Tsardom of Russia contested Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
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The war between Britain and France for control of trade and territory. Other countries attended later, such as Austia, Russia and Spain.
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In 1769, 1783, and 1791 these caused about 30 million deaths. This further weakened the region and
paved the way for full British colonial rule. -
Great Britain’s North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America.
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A period of major societal and political upheaval in France. It witnessed the collapse of the monarchy.
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The storming of the Bastille is considered a symbol of the outbreak of the French Revolution
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Haitian Revolution is a successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Enslaved Africans and Afro-descendant people rose up against their oppressors, ultimately establishing the independent nation of Haiti,.
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Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, revolutionized the processing of cotton
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Napoleon described how he worked with his Allies to overthrow the French Directory and establish the Consulate
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This grand ceremony saw Napoleon crown himself as Emperor of the French, solidifying Napoleon's power and status as the ruler of France.
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A series of independence movements leading to the liberation of many Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas.
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It was a French military operation aimed at capturing Algiers and establishing French colonial rule there. This invasion marked the colonization of Algeria by France, which lasted until Algeria's independence in 1962.
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The invention of telegraph enabled faster and more reliable transmission of information across vast
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During 1840s, it looked like Egypt would eventually become an industrial power.
With the collapse of Egypt economy, British seized the country, ended the Egypt industrialization. -
The arrival of Perry and his Black Ships was in order to forced Japan to open its ports to trade with the West.
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This movement claimed that if the Xhosa killed all their cattle and destroyed their corn, their ancestors would return to drive out the European settlers. But it created a humanitarian crisis within Xhosa society.
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It started at a military base about 40 miles outside the
capital city of Delhi. They failed but led to the dissolution of the East India Company and forced the British control the India directly. -
The major uprising in India against the rule of the British East India Company.The Sepoy Rebellion in India, triggered by social and religious tensions, challenged British rule, shaping India's future governance.
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It was an attempt to arrest the dynastic decline of the Qing dynasty by restoring the traditional order. It led to strengthened traditional Chinese values with some modernizations.
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This war was between France and Germany in 1870 and 1871, resulted in a swift Prussian victory, leading to the unification of Germany and a significant shift in the European balance of power and long-term consequences that contributed to tensions leading up to World War I.
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It was a significant uprising led by Mokrani that took place in Algeria during the period of French colonization. They failed but inspired future generations to continue the struggle for independence
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The Shah gave the Anglo-Persian Oil Company the rights to Iran’s oil for the next 60 years, shaping Iran's economy and political landscape for decades to come.
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A rebel movement that broke out under German colonial rule in Namibia，led to mass killings of Herero people.
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It was an armed struggle against German colonial rule in
German East Africa. It leaded hundred thousands of Africans death. -
The Moroccan Crises was happened in 1905-1906 and 1911, involving Germany's opposition to French influence in Morocco. These crises heightened tensions among European powers and contributed to the prelude of World War I.
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Protesters seeking better working conditions were shot by Imperial Guard troops in St. Petersburg, sparking widespread discontent and contributing to the eventual Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Protesters seeking better working conditions were shot by Imperial Guard troops in St. Petersburg, sparking widespread discontent and contributing to the eventual Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Madero's call for democratic reforms triggered the revolution, challenging Díaz's rule and inspiring diverse revolutionary movements.
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Agadir Crisis is a diplomatic and territorial dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco, ultimately contributing to increased tensions in Europe and setting the stage for World War I.
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The Xinhai Revolution is the revolution against the Qing governemnt, resulted in the formation of a republic. The 2000-year reign of emperors in China had officially come to an end.
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Emiliano Zapata's plan demanded land reforms, empowering peasants and influencing the revolution's agrarian focus.
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The First Balkan War occurred in 1912-1913, as Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria defeated Ottoman Empire. The Second Balkan War happened in 1913 when these counties started to against each other, resulting in significant border changes and setting the stage for larger conflicts in the years to come.
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It is a essential event that sparked the start of World War I, as Franz Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo led to a series of diplomatic and military actions among European powers.
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It's the revolution marked the overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy, leading to the establishment of a provisional government and setting the stage for the October Revolution later that year.
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It's the revolution led by the Bolshevik Party and Vladimir Lenin, resulted in the overthrow of the provisional government, establishing Soviet rule and laying the foundation for the creation of the Soviet Union.
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NEP of the 1920s allowed limited free-market activities, restoring agricultural productivity, and stabilizing the nation, marked a temporary retreat from socialist principles
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A famine in Soviet Russia, devastating humanitarian crisis, marked by widespread starvation, disease, and death, led millions of people death.
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Mussolini's Blackshirt Fascist groups gained control of Northern Italy through the March on Rome, prompting the king to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister to avoid further unrest.
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Forced collectivization in Ukraine, involved the mass seizure of privately owned farms, leading to the Holodomor famine, resulted in the deaths of about four million Ukrainians.
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The start of World War II was marked by Germany’s invasion of Poland, which prompted Britain and France to declare war on Germany, intensifying the global conflict.
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A systematic genocide carried out by the Nazis. Six million Jews were brutally murdered in concentration camps, symbolizing the depths of human cruelty and intolerance,
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Japan launches a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Prompted the United States to enter WWII, changing the course of the conflict and strengthening the Allied forces.
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A pivotal naval battle between the United States and Japan in the Pacific.The U.S. victory at Midway weakened Japan’s naval strength and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater.
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The United States drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. These bombings led to Japan's surrender, hastening the end of World War II and introducing the world to the devastating power of nuclear weapons.
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A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government, leading to widespread human rights abuses and international condemnation.
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Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized Iran's oil industry, the move led to discord with the United States, which sided with Britain and Anglo-Iranian Oil due in part to suspicions of Mossadegh's communist leanings.
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The Plan brought private industries under government control and had peasants work into large cooperatives. Consequently, industrial output rose significantly under this first Plan, agricultural production improved more slowly.
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it was a prolonged conflict between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist forces. It resulted in significant loss of life and US failure, shaping US foreign policy and sparking anti-war movements globally.
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Egypt's nationalization of the canal under President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leads conflict as Britain invaded, but pressure from the two superpowers compelled the them to withdraw, underscoring the shift in global power dynamics during the Cold War.
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The Great Leap Forward, aiming to rapidly transform China from an agrarian society into an industrialized socialist nation, the campaign resulted in widespread famine and economic devastation, leading to millions of deaths.
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it was a critical confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union over the presence of nuclear missiles in Cuba, narrowly avoided nuclear war, and marked a turning point in Cold War dynamics.
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the 1956 conflict between the National Liberation Front (FLN) and French colonial forces in Algiers, Algeria, characterized by urban guerrilla warfare and acts of terrorism by both sides, leading to Algeria's independence from France in 1962.
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The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, fighting over territory in the region of Kashmir, resulted in a stalemate and underscored the persistent tensions between India and Pakistan.
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Cultural Revolution was initiated by Mao Zedong to reaffirm his ideological dominance and purge perceived enemies within the Communist Party, it resulted in widespread persecution, violence, and the disruption of traditional Chinese society.
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The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support a communist government, triggering a decade-long conflict that involved widespread guerrilla warfare, contributing to the downfall of the Soviet regime.
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In 1970, politicians and activists organized the first Earth Day, a landmark event aimed at raising awareness about environmental issues and advocating for conservation and sustainability efforts worldwide.
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the conflict that erupted in 1971 between East Pakistan and West Pakistan, culminated in the creation of Bangladesh as an independent nation, marking a significant event in South Asian history.
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it marked the beginning of normalized relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Cold War era and laid the groundwork for China's eventual emergence as a major global power.
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In 1972, the United States established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a government agency tasked with protecting human health and the environment by enforcing regulations and conducting research on pollution and conservation efforts.
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The 1973 OPEC embargo, triggered by the Arab-Israeli conflict, led to a quadrupling of oil prices and showcased the collective power of oil-producing nations, altering global geopolitics and economic dynamics.
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A conflict where the Soviet Union sent troops to support the Afghan government against rebel groups, resulting in a long and costly war. Finally, it indirectly led the collapse of Soviet.
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Mikhail Gorbachev took control of the Soviet Union in 1985 , introducing significant reforms such as Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring), which aimed to modernize the Soviet economy and promote political transparency, but ultimately led to the unraveling of the Soviet system and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union.
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The Gulf War, saw a coalition led by the United States drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait and conduct military operations within Iraq, marking a significant conflict in the geopolitics of the Middle East and shaping subsequent events in the region.
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Constructing a 12km-long dyke across the narrow channel that connects the North Aral Sea to its neighbour to the south, which leading to an increase of 3.3m in water levels after seven months, recovering the local ecosystem and environment greatly.
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they refer to a series of conflicts that took place in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe during the 1990s, primarily involving the breakup of Yugoslavia into several independent nations, marked by ethnic tensions, violence, and ethnic cleansing campaigns.
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Soviet Union split into separate countries after years of political, economic, and social pressures, marking the end of the Cold War era.