-
Plessy v. Ferguson
a number of other court decisions and state laws severely limited African american rights. -
Thurgood Marshall
was a U.S. Supreme Court justice and civil rights advocate. Marshall earned an important place in American history on the basis of two accomplishments. First, as legal counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, he guided the litigation that destroyed the legal underpinnings of Jim Crow segregation. -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)
The mission of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination. -
Rosa parks
By refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama, city bus in 1955, black seamstress Rosa Parks (1913—2005) helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United States. The leaders of the local black community organized a bus boycott that began the day Parks was convicted of violating the segregation laws. -
Race Riots
African-American teenager drowned in Lake Michigan after violating the unofficial segregation of Chicago’s beaches and being stoned by a group of white youths. His death, and the police’s refusal to arrest the white man whom eyewitnesses identified as causing it, sparked a week of rioting between gangs of black and whites, concentrated on the South Side neighborhood surrounding the stockyards. -
Malcolm x
theactivist and outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith, challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr.He urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary.” -
The sit-ins
African american protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave. -
Little rock school integration
Arkansas became the first school to admit African Americans to university without being required by a court order -
Dr. martin luther king jr
a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. Inspired by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi, King sought equality for African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and victims of injustice through peaceful protest. -
Montgomery bus boycott
African-american activist had begun taking direct action to win the rights promised to them by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. -
Brown v. board of education of topeka
The schools system of Topeka, Kansas, like many other school system, operated separate schools for "the two races"-blacks and whites. -
De jure vs. De Facto segregation
De jure racial segregation was a practice designed to perpetuate racial subordination; De Facto segregation of African Americans had similar effects, but sometimes could be defended as a result simply of private choice, itself an important American value. -
Emmett till
Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi, on August 24, 1955, when he reportedly flirted with a white cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped Till, beat him and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. Till's murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging Civil Rights Movement. -
Freedom rides
Freedom riders hope to provoke a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law. -
March on Washington
Kennedy sent to congress graduated equal access to all public accommidations -
March on Birmingham, alabama
four young Birmingham girls were killed when a rider in a car hurled a bomb trough the church window. two or more African american died in the unrest that fallowed -
24th amendment
citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election. This fee was called a poll tax. The United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
Civil rights act of 1964
which prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, nationality origin, and gender. -
Voting rights act of 1965
The act eliminated the so-called literacy tests the had disqualified many voters. -
March from selma to montgomery for voting rights
protesters attempting to march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were met with violent resistance by state and local authorities. -
Black Panther Party
The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs.